Macroeconomic Case Studies Essays - Inflation, Price Indices

Macroeconomic Case Studies Essays - Inflation, Price Indices Macroeconomic Case Studies Economics 001A: Macroeconomics Macroeconomic Case Studies Stephen Rossi Economics 001A: M 6:30-9:15 Slowing the US Economy The article titled 'Fed Unlikely to Alter Course' by John M. Berry of the Washington Post takes an interesting look at actions that Alan Greenspan his colleges of the Federal Reserve have been taking over the last 9 months to slow the economic growth of United States. The astonishing growth rate of 7.3% is fueled by an economy that is in the midst of a high tech revolution. The article also explores the contrasting view of other economists that say that the Fed has increased interest rates too much in its attempts to slow the economy. The means by which Alan Greenspan and the Federal Reserve have chose to slow the economy is through a monetary policy, or more specifically, an increase in the national interest rate. The article states that the Fed officials have come to a broad agreement that they will keep raising the rates until growth slows to a more sustainable pace to make sure inflation stays under control. Because of the booming economy and the investment in the stock market the exchange of money has increased for goods and services, which in turn increases the price level or the quantity of money demanded. By increasing the interest rates the Fed commits itself to adjusting the supply of money in the United States to meet that rate at a point of equilibrium. If the interest rate is increased, less goods and services are demanded, and therefore will slow down the economy and reduce the rate of inflation. The article points out that as stock prices have risen over the last couple of years, so have American ho usehold wealth and consumer spending. This is precisely the cycle that Fed officials want to interrupt to slow growth before it fuels more inflation. At the time this article was written the stock market prices had fallen sharply especially in the technology sector. But the Fed continued on the path to raise interest rates further noting that the index that they closely follow and contains a broader rage of public traded US stocks, the Wilshire 5000, is up for the year. Even though they began raising rates gradually 9 months ago, it takes almost a year for the economy to feel the full effects. In this case the results of the interest rates increased could be felt as last as the second half of 2000. Yet the economy has not slowed down, and the demand for goods and services continues to increase as wealth does. One of the ideas that has been presented to Greenspan by the fed officials was to take bigger steps in raising the interest rates. They feel that this will decrease the money demand in a quicker fashion. In turn these actions will lead to lower consumer spending, and thus decrease the inflation rate. However, because of the erratic patterns in today's high tech economy Greenspan is expected to stick to his pattern of more gradual increases to the interest rate. Eventually when monthly loan payments increase enough, consumers will back on purchases and investments. The article points out an example where the rate for a new 30 year fixed-rate home mortgage is up to 8.5% from 7.75% nine months ago in June. In the situation of a $150,000 home loan, this new interest rate will add almost $100 to each monthly payment. Over time the full effect of the interest rates will be felt. One economist, James Glassman of Chase Securities takes a different look at the new interest rate. He points out that the rates that the Fed has set are fairly high in comparison to the rate of inflation as it is currently in the United States. The formula that Glassman follows examines the inflation rate when food and energy items are excluded because they are so volatile. With these items removed the rate of inflation in the US is less than 2%. As with other measurements, this rate can be subtracted from the interest rates to find a 'real' interest rate which consumers a paying. So in terms of 30-year home mortgage rate set at 8.5%, only 6.5% of it is

Meaning of History

Meaning of History Abstract Different approaches to the meaning of history exist. Communities and historical analysts have different opinions based on religion, beliefs and timeline. There are different explanations and considerations of the history that are illustrated through different means. The main idea of the paper is to consider different points of view and various attitudes to the history meaning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Greek Approach Greek approach is one of the perspectives of the history. Many issues were addressed under this approach. Under the history, a logography tries to explain the emergence of towns, people and other places. This is one of the approaches which creates much disagreement. Hecataeus of Miletus is one of the representatives of this approach. Being a Greek historian, the information his works contain is full of contradictions (Breisach, 2007, p. 29). This approach to the meaning of history derives different perspectives upon the reader with various issues requiring deep consideration for better understanding. Greek historiography tries to explain the existence of men and places based on cultural background. Much attention is paid to traditions and culture in general. The era of poleis and its historians is illustrated under the Greek historiography, however, neither Greek historians nor philosophers considered the meaning of the word ‘historical’ in the way it is perceived now (Breisach, 2007, p. 30). Roman Approach There is also a Roman historiography which explains how Roman entities were formed. The historiography starts at the formation of Rome and derives most of its ideologies from the religious and other leaders (Fordham University, 1998). Roman history was reportedly written at the time of Gracchi, when the writers of history books produced the best information about the period. Roman history is written by the individuals who were less concerned about the facts they dwelt upon. Their description of the history is written on the basis of their own understanding of the events that took place in Rome. This led to the formation of monographs that had comprehensive writings about specific issues. The combinations of monographs led to realization of the current Roman history (Breisach, 2007, p. 41). There was much propaganda within the Roman history as the historians focused on convincing their readers in the authenticity of the information. The facts in the Roman history are stated in such a way that the meanings are elaborated for easier understanding. The individuals who contributed a great deal to the formation of Rome are also described in the reports. Therefore, Roman historiography is the combination of authenticity and propaganda (Breisach, 2007, p. 43).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Religion The other meaning of history is derived by Christians. Christians have another interpretation and evaluation of the existence of a man and the places. According to the Christians, a supreme being helped to form the universe that caused the existence of human beings. The Christians focus more on extraterrestrial beings and powers to have contributed in the formation of the world. These assertions help in explaining how the Earth and its inhabitants were founded, how they came to settle in certain regions and the development of various locations. Many nationalities are omitted through Christian historiography, and instead there is a major emphasis on specific cultures and communities (Breisach, 2007, p. 122). The biased nature of this historiography is similar to that demonstrated by Greeks and Romans that derive most of their meanings on a single community. Science Science is another approach to understanding the meaning of history. Under science, there is an e xpanded definition and explanation of the universe creation and development. Most of the explanations are derived from proof and detailed understanding of the events. The main idea of the scientific meaning of history is to argue the existence of the objects and the occurrence of different events by means of introducing the facts considered as firm proofs. The explanations are developed on the basis of the strong facts which cannot be contradicted, on the evidence, which cannot be objected (Rosenzweig, Thelen, 1998, p. 40). Rather than focusing on the past events, the scientific approach uses present facts and proofs to explain the problem under discussion. This approach makes it easier for the readers to understand the definitions and explanations based on the facts illustrated in the texts. Through these identities and other definitions, it becomes easier to understand the concepts and issues that took place during each era. Scientific definitions of history make use of various f acts that the reader is expected to align with. This makes it possible to identify and relate to certain issues that currently exist in this world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Philosophical Approachv Philosophers and contemporary historians have focused greatly on explaining the existence of humanity and other aspects in the world (Fordham University, 1998). According to philosophers, different explanations are created forming a concrete clarification of the existence of life and human beings. Critically evaluating the modern situation, the philosophers developed various meanings to different issues in the world. Local and historical texts are included in the philosophical definitions as it helps in the forming different opinions to the existence of life and places (Berdyaev, 2006, p. 186). All the approaches are based on either leading assumptions or concreted facts. It helps in generating a convincing chain of facts into the issues addressed. The connection between the past and the present helps in explaining the existence of places and life. A great deal of approaches to the meaning of history helps me conclude that the absence of the only consideration is caused by many disagreements and too numerous opinions. References Berdyaev, N. (2006). The Meaning of History. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. Breisach, E. (2007). Historiography: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Fordham University. (1998). Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Studying Ancient History. Retrieved from https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/asbook01.asp#Using%20Primary%20Sources Rosenzweig, R. Thelen, D. (1998). The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Father Coughlin, the Depressions Radio Priest

Father Coughlin, the Depression's Radio Priest Father Coughlin was a Catholic priest based in the parish of Royal Oak, Michigan, who became a highly controversial political commentator through his extraordinarily popular radio broadcasts in the 1930s. Originally a devoted supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, his radio sermons took a dark turn when he became a bitter critic of Roosevelt and unleashed fierce attacks tinged with anti-Semitism and flirtations with fascism. In the misery of the Great Depression, Coughlin attracted a vast audience of disaffected Americans. He teamed up with Louisiana’s Huey Long to build an organization dedicated to social justice, and Coughlin actively sought to ensure that Roosevelt would not be elected to a second term. His messages eventually became so controversial that he was ordered by the Catholic hierarchy to cease his broadcasting. Silenced, he lived out the last four decades of his life as a parish priest largely forgotten by the public. Fast Facts: Father Coughlin Full Name: Charles Edward CoughlinAlso Known As: The Radio PriestKnown For: Catholic priest whose radio sermons made him one of the most influential people in America before endless controversy led to his downfall and silencing.Born: October 25, 1891 in Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaDied: October 27, 1979 in Bloomfield Hills, MichiganParents: Thomas Coughlin and Amelia MahoneyEducation: St. Michael’s College, University of TorontoFamous Quote: Roosevelt or Ruin! Early Life and Career Charles Coughlin was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, on October 25, 1891. His family had mostly lived in the United States, but had crossed the border before his birth when his father found work in Canada. Coughlin grew up as the only surviving child in his family and became a very good student, attending Catholic schools in Hamilton followed by St. Michael’s College at the University of Toronto. He graduated in 1911 with a Ph.D., having studied philosophy and English. After a year touring Europe, he returned to Canada and decided to enter the seminary and become a priest. Coughlin was ordained in 1916, at the age of 25. He taught at a Catholic school in Windsor until 1923, when he moved across the river to the United States and became a parish priest in a Detroit suburb. (Original Caption) Detroit: Owners And Founder Of Social Justice. Father Charles E. Coughlin, left, says ownership of the weekly Social Justice has for two years been in hands of his mother and father, Mrs. Amelia Couhglin and Thomas J. Coughlin, right. Despite Coughlins protests, Social Justice was denied second class mail privilege. A gifted public speaker, Coughlin boosted church attendance when he would deliver sermons. In 1926, the popular priest was assigned to a new parish, The Shrine of the Little Flower. The new parish was struggling. In an effort to increase attendance at mass, Coughlin asked a fellow Catholic who ran a local radio station if he could broadcast a weekly sermon. Coughlin’s new radio program, called The Golden Hour of the Little Flower, began airing in October 1926. His broadcasts immediately became popular in the Detroit area, and within three years, Coughlin’s sermons were also being broadcast on stations in Chicago and Cincinnati. In 1930 the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) began putting Coughlin’s program on the air every Sunday night. He soon had an enthusiastic audience of 30 million listeners. Turn to Controversy In his early broadcasting career, Coughlin’s sermons were not controversial. His appeal was that he seemed to be a stereotypical Irish-American priest, delivering an uplifting message with a dramatic voice perfectly suited for the radio. As the Great Depression intensified and auto workers in Coughlin’s home area began to lose their jobs, his message changed. He began to denounce the administration of Herbert Hoover, which eventually caused CBS to stop carrying his program. Undaunted, Coughlin found other stations to carry his sermons. And when Franklin Roosevelt’s campaign gained momentum in 1932, Coughlin joined as an ardent supporter. Roosevelt or Ruin In his weekly sermons Coughlin promoted Roosevelt, and to encourage voters he coined the slogan Roosevelt or Ruin. In 1932, Coughlin’s program was a sensation, and he was said to be receiving many thousands of letters a week. Donations to his parish poured in, and he built a lavish new church from which he could broadcast to the nation. Father Charles Coughlin delivers a radio speech, 1930s. Fotosearch / Getty Images After Roosevelt won the election of 1932, Coughlin vigorously supported the New Deal, telling his listeners the New Deal was Christ’s deal. The radio priest, who had met Roosevelt during the 1932 campaign, began to consider himself a policy adviser to the new administration. Roosevelt, however, had become very wary of Coughlin, as the priest’s economic ideas were venturing far outside the mainstream. In 1934, feeling spurned by Roosevelt, Coughlin began to denounce him on the radio. He also found an unlikely ally, Senator Huey Long of Louisiana, who had also gained a large following through radio appearances. Coughlin formed an organization, the National Union for Social Justice, which was dedicated to fighting communism and advocated for government control of banks and corporations. As Coughlin devoted himself to defeating Roosevelt in the election of 1936, he transformed his National Union into a political party. The plan had been to nominate Huey Long to run against Roosevelt, but the assassination of Long in September 1935 scuttled that. A virtually unknown candidate, a congressman from North Dakota, ran in Long’s place. The Union Party had virtually no impact on the election, and Roosevelt won a second term. After 1936, Coughlin’s power and popularity declined. His ideas became more eccentric, and his sermons had evolved into rants. He was even quoted as saying he preferred fascism. In the late 1930s, followers of the German-American Bund cheered his name at their rallies. Coughlins tirades against international bankers played upon familiar anti-Semitic taunts, and he openly attacked Jews in his broadcasts. Over 26,000 people tuned in to hear the speech given by Reverend Charles E. Coughlin in Cleveland. He spoke of President Roosevelt as the Financial Dictator of the United States and pledged his own organization to establish a central, government bank. Bettmann  /  Contributor As Coughlins tirades became more extreme, radio networks wouldn’t let their stations broadcast his sermons. For periods of time he found himself unable to reach the vast audiences he once attracted. By 1940, Coughlin’s radio career was largely finished. He would still appear on some radio stations, but his bigotry made him toxic. He believed the United States should stay out of World War II, and following the attack on Pearl Harbor the Catholic hierarchy in America formally silenced him. He was forbidden to broadcast on the radio, and told to keep a low profile. A magazine he had been publishing, Social Justice, was banned by the U.S. government from the mails, which essentially put it out of business. Though once one of the most popular figures in America, Coughlin seemed to be quickly forgotten as America turned its attention to World War II. He continued to serve as the parish priest at the Shrine of the Little Flower in Royal Oak, Michigan. In 1966, after 25 years of imposed silence, he held a press conference at which he said he had mellowed and no longer held his controversial ideas from the late 1930s. Coughlin died at his home in suburban Detroit on October 27, 1979, two days after his 88th birthday. Sources: Coker, Jeffrey W. Coughlin, Father Charles E. (1891–1979). St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, edited by Thomas Riggs, 2nd ed., vol. 1, St. James Press, 2013, pp. 724-726. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Roosevelt and/or Ruin. American Decades Primary Sources, edited by Cynthia Rose, vol. 4: 1930-1939, Gale, 2004, pp. 596-599. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Charles Edward Coughlin. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2004, pp. 265-266. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Styles of Communication and Conflict Resolution Research Paper

Styles of Communication and Conflict Resolution - Research Paper Example To avert conflicts and optimize on their potential to deal with the problematic situations in the best possible manner in an organizational setting, it is imperative that both managers and team members are aware of the various styles of communication. The fundamental requisite of avoidance of conflicts everywhere in general and workplace in particular is to have empathy for the other people’s perspectives. People who believe that they are neither superior nor inferior to their colleagues at the workplace are able to keep their interactions free of negative influences. This paper explores different styles of communication and discusses the secrets of effective communication which is the fundamental prerequisite of conflict resolution. Continuums of Communication Styles According to M. R. Hammer, there are two continuums along which the communication styles about conflict lie. The first continuum is about the way people express their disagreements. In the indirect style, people tend to give other people clues about their opinions, and try to elaborate them with the help of metaphors or stories. This is called as the indirect style. The direct style lies at the opposite end of the very continuum. In the direct style, people overtly express their views so that the other person exactly knows what the point of concern is. There is a lot of difference between the body language of the direct and the indirect speaker (Hammer, 2005). While the indirect speaker tends to make use of subtle messages, the direct speaker confronts the other person by looking into the eyes. The second continuum is the continuum of expressiveness. Certain people express their emotions very overtly. These people are known as extroverted. They have very expressive faces as well as body language. People that lie at the opposite end of the continuum of expressiveness generally remain quiet, and are very introverted. They are very reserved, and do not feel comfortable or like to share their v iews with others, particularly to an unfamiliar group of people. Styles of Communication There are several styles of communication (CEDA, n.d.) which include but are not limited to accommodation style, discussion style, dynamic style, and engagement style. The different styles of communication emerge from different combinations of the levels of disagreement and expressiveness. They are discussed below: Accommodation Style People who have the accommodation style of communication are generally introverted, and want to control their emotions. They make effort to save the relationship from being tarnished by conflicts by using metaphors and such other techniques. Discussion Style People having a discussion style of communication generally control their emotions, but do convey their disagreement to the other person in clear words and understandable manner. To add weight to their opinions, they make use of objective facts. Dynamic Style People that have a dynamic style of communication op enly express their distress, though they tend not to talk about the underlying cause of distress overtly. The argument structure in the dynamic style of communication is associative, and mediators are required to facilitate the discussion. Engagement Style People that have an engagement style of communication express their feelings freely. Passion reflects in their

The Irish Potato Famine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Irish Potato Famine - Essay Example Let us try to overview the historical context which preceded The Irish Potato Famine, and on ground of this try to find out what principle factors provoked the famine. The Irish Potato Famine is the name of a famine that took place in Ireland between 1845 and 1849, but immediate effects of which were felt until 1851. If we refer to dry statistics, then we may learn that the total number of people who died from this famine is unclear because there were no exact historical records. However, according to different estimates it is supposed that the general number of victims that can be directly and indirectly attributed to the famine ranges from 500,000 to more than one million (Lyons, 1985, p.14). Aside from the enormous death toll, there were many other social and economic consequences of the famine. Among such consequences were several million Irish refugees who during and after the famine emigrated to Britain, America, Canada, and Australia (Scally, 1996, p.167). Also, as we shall see, the effects of the famine on Irish culture and economy were so great that it significantly changed them. At this point we may begin to wonder whether the very fact that such a profound historical event as the Irish Potato Famine took place can be explained purely by natural causes, or maybe there was an involvement of social, economic, and political factors which contributed to the famine To see if this was the case, let us firstly overview political and economic environment in which the famine happened, and then consider demographic and agricultural aspects relevant to the famine. Speaking of the political context of the famine, we of course must mention relations between Ireland and Great Britain in the middle of the nineteenth century. Since the Act of Union of 1800 Ireland was to be formally represented by one hundred members in the House of Commons in the United Kingdom, which was merely a one-fifth proportion of representation of Great Britain. Moreover, in addition to the low level of Irish representation in the parliament of Britain the needs of Ireland were given a low priority. It was not surprising as most of the members of government had never even been in Ireland themselves. To better feel the situation of that time, we should add that the British dominance was as well fortified by the unification of the churches of Ireland and England, with the ensuing leadership in Ireland of the Anglicans and exclusion of Roman Catholics and Presbyterians from membership in governmental bodies. Only by 1829 was political equality restored in Ireland in certain s pheres. This included the possibility to participate in free trade between the British Isles, and admission of Irish merchandise to colonies of Britain on equal terms with British goods (Otuathaigh, 1972). Now, on ground of the mentioned signs of oppression of Ireland it was suggested by some historians that the Irish Potato Famine was in fact a genocide initiated by the British against Ireland. However, this accusation is dismissed by most scholars as too radical, and instead it is thought that the policies of Britain during the famine can rather be blamed as fallacious, ignorant, and fatal, and that as a significant reduction of population of Ireland was deemed desirable by many British politicians they might just had decided not to intervene in the natural course

Question 1&2&3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Question 1 - Essay Example This takes the form of controlling cargo storage and distribution via the most relevant ways. Product quality is fundamental to the undertaking of these activities, and therefore only the best company in terms of its logistics is chosen. c) Internal coherent and competent logistics should be accounted for in considering any given company. Such a company should be pursuing entries into newly opened market opportunities. Resource portfolio of the company is important in determining the strategy to adopt. Where resources are not adequate, internal strategies may be adopted, but this may consequently necessitate outsourcing some well-defined operations to a third party within the same level of logistics as the outsourcing company. d) A recent entrant company in the manufacturing industry makes a good choice. Such a company undertakes vigorous activities in its operations in a bid to improve the output level. The principle focus here is the product design, manufacturing process and the vo lume of product sales. Cargo handling in both storage and distribution of raw materials and final products is handled by an external party through outsourcing arrangements. Question 2 a) Quick response: This is a system in which decision pertaining to amounts of orders and times of replenishment are made by the retailer. On the other hand, POS data analysis is handled by the supply side. The importance of data analysis by suppliers is that it allows for an effective means though which future predictions can be made, consequently making it possible to make plans and schedules of production. A quick response is best suited for newly interacting retailer-supplier, where each is uncertain about the other. Inventories are controlled by the retailer, although POS data availed to suppliers can improve their operational performance. Lack of adequate resources to affirm the relationship between the retailer and the supplier necessitate quick response practices. b) Continuous replenishment: P OS data are made available to the vendors through this system. This provision is tailored towards the realization of shipment activities that are further necessary in the maintenance of a desired inventory characteristic. Shipping frequency is agreed upon at an earlier stage and all the guidelines to the system outlined in order to ensure that the inventory exhibits the required characteristics and amounts. This system strikes a balance between quick response and Vendor-Managed Inventory system. In this case lesser risks are taken relative to VMI, and at the same time, retailer-supplier relationship is well defined in this system as opposed to quick response system. c) VMI (Vendor-Managed Inventory system): Levels of inventory to maintain in the system are solely determined by the suppliers. Policies are formulated and implemented to ensure that the agreed upon inventory levels are observed. Replenishments in this system are taken care of by the vendors. This replenishment managemen t by the vendors does not take place automatically; rather, it is the retailers that charge the vendors with a full responsibility to do that. VMI system is complex, and a strong buyer-seller relationship need to be upheld. An effective VMI system realizes a general system saving, contrary to the other two types of retailer-supplier partnerships. Question 3 The manufacturing company is undergoing pressure from the retailer in regard to delivery and

Research Proposal Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proposal - Research Paper Example This is because the combination ensures very high level of empirical representation of data as well as consolidates the validity and reliability of data collection and analysis. It is estimated that the present research will cost USD 900 and span for a period of 2 months. It would however become the hub of comprehensive information for Al Waseet to identify its market base and rightly strategize on both short term and long term to take advantage of this market. Background Al Waseet enters the Daily New Paper market as a new entrant who is faced with a number of critical competitions, which if not addressed could affect and undermine the success of the business (Project Management Institute, 2008). But to address the issues effectively, it is important to have a comprehensive marketing research that identifies key opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses of the company (Alexis, 2007). It is against this background that the present marketing research proposal is necessary. It w ould be observed that access to information is fast becoming a necessity for the ordinary person on the streets of Bahrain (McClain, 2002). This is partly because the world is shrinking in terms of access to information and becoming closed up under the wheels of globalization. The Daiky Newpaper industry has therefore become competitive in Bahrain. This notwithstanding, Al Waseet is in a position to creating its own competitive advantage that would make it not just a local force in the business but a company with international repute (Perry, 2008). Problem Definition/ Objectives of the Research There exists a well formulated Newspaper industry in Bahrain (Gabby, 2009). This however does not mean that the door is closed to new entrants. The only problem is that new entrants would have to have their own competitive advantages and marketing strategies that would help them win new lines of customers. The objective of the research is therefore to come out with both short term and long te rm strategic marketing plan that would ensure that Al Waseet gains a competitive advantage as a new entrant on the Bahrain market. Approach to the problem As a marketing research, it is highly important that the proposed research have qualities that make it possible to have tangential access to information (Tawiah, 2009). More to this, it is important that data collected can be ascribed to both qualitative and quantitative scrutiny. In light of this, there shall be a mixed approach towards the research whereby the researcher shall use a mixed approach made up of qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Research Design The selection of research design is directly linked to the research approach because the research design should be selected in a way that makes it possible to achieve the provisions of the research approach, which is proposed to be a mixed approach. To this end, the researcher proposes the use of survey research design for the present study. With a survey rese arch design, the researcher will be offered the opportunity to use a number of data collection instruments to collect a combination of qualitative and quantitative data from both the field and from existing literature (Alpha, 2005). Fieldwork/ Data Collection The fieldwork is going to constitute an important component of primary data collection. What this means is that the researcher is going to use fieldwork to collect