Target Audience for Apple Ipod free essay sample

Target Audience for Apple iPod The core target market for iPod is young adults and teenagers. iPod a music player has a differentiated market segmentation characterized in age, gender and desire for image. It is targeted towards the people who have an enthusiasm to the technology and hobby, particularly in music. The iPod is unlike any other music player with its unique appeal to a remarkable range of ages and personalities. In general, iPod is designed for anyone interested in carrying the equivalent of hundreds of CDs worth of music, and numerous other files, in a small, easy-to-use design that fits in ones pocket. Different models of iPod are present in the market to satisfy the different needs of the customer. The iPod shuffle models are designed for those who are interested in an inexpensive, well-designed portable music player that holds a few CDs worth of music and offers easy integration with iTunes and Music Store. We will write a custom essay sample on Target Audience for Apple Ipod or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The iPod nano models target the person interested in a device that provides modest capacity for music and photos in an extremely tiny and elegant case. Whereas the video-capable iPod models are marketed to fill the same need as the other full size iPod systems with video playback as an added bonus. The iPod touch models take the iPod line into new territory, offering music, photo, and video playback on a larger display than earlier iPod models, as well as Internet access via wi-fi and support for thousands of third-party apps and games. Some of the connotations the iPod has come to be associated with so far are youth-culture, technical gadgetry, and trend. Youth which is influenced by street-cultural trends looks at the artefact as a luxury good. It is no longer a matter of just listening to music; the significations have extended to aesthetics, trends, and status. It is perceived by the customers as the status symbol, a must have fashion accessory and to have an iPod has become a matter of prestige. Customers buying the product bought it not only for its core benefits, but as brand loyalty towards Apple. The decision to buy the iPod did not come from a primary interest in the mp3- product category. Instead, they bought an mp3-player because the iPod came out. The key audience for the product is dubbed as the iGeneration. Pod’s target market was born during the company’s growth in the late 1980’s. The iGeneration has been a boon for iMac, and subsequently, iPod. The company has helped define a â€Å"culture† around its brand. The seemingly simple ‘i’ not only grew to establish the brand for the company but also drove the development of a host of ‘i’ products like iPod, iTu nes, iChat, iMovies, iBook and iSight. Today, the brand reflects the attributes of being high-tech, â€Å"cool† and creative exactly what the product and messaging has attempted to convey.

A Linguistic Look at Spanish

A Linguistic Look at Spanish Ask a linguist what kind of a language Spanish is, and the answer you get may depend on that linguists specialty. To some, Spanish is primarily a language derived from Latin. Another may tell you that Spanish is primarily an SVO language,  whatever that is, while others may refer to it as a fusional language. Spanish is classified as either an Indo-European or Romance language based on  its origins.Spanish is classified as a mostly SVO language because of its commonly used word order.Spanish is classified as somewhat inflectional because of the extensive use of word endings used to indicate attributes such as gender, number, and tense. All these classifications, and others, are important in linguistics, the study of language. As these examples show, linguists can classify languages according to their history, as well as according to the languages structure and according to how words are formed. Here are three common classifications that linguists use and how Spanish fits in with them: Genetic Classification of Spanish The genetic classification of languages is closely related to etymology, the study of the origins of words. Most of the worlds languages can be divided into about a dozen major families (depending on what is considered major) based on their origins. Spanish, like English, is part of the Indo-European family of languages, which includes the languages spoken by around half the worlds population. It includes most of the past and current languages of Europe (the Basque language being a major exception) as well as the traditional languages of Iran, Afghanistan, and the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. Some of the most common Indo-European languages today include French, German, Hindi, Bengali, Swedish, Russian, Italian, Persian, Kurdish and Serbo-Croatian. Among Indo-European languages, Spanish can be further classified as a Romance language, meaning that it is descended from Latin. Other major Romance languages include French, Portuguese, and Italian, all of which have strong similarities in vocabulary and grammar. Classification of Spanish by Word Order One common way of classifying languages is by the order of the basic sentence components, namely the subject, object, and verb. In this regard, Spanish can be thought of as a flexible subject-verb-object or SVO language, as is English. A simple sentence will typically follow that order, as in this example: Juanita lee el libro, where Juanita is the subject, lee (reads) is the verb and el libro (the book) is the object of the verb. It should be noted, however, that this structure is far from the only one possible, so Spanish cant be thought of as a strict SVO language. In Spanish, it is often possible to leave out the subject entirely if it can be understood from the context, and it also is common to change the word order to emphasize a different part of the sentence. Also, when pronouns are used as objects, the SOV order (subject-object-verb) is the norm in Spanish: Juanita lo lee. (Juanita reads it.) Classification of Spanish by Word Formation In terms of how words are formed, languages can be classified in at least three ways: As isolating or analytical, meaning  that words or word roots dont change based on how they are used in a sentence, and that the relationship of words to each other are conveyed primarily by the use of word order or by words known as particles to indicate the relationship among them.As inflectional or fusional, meaning that the forms of the words themselves change to indicate how they relate to the other words in a sentence.As  agglutinating or agglutinative, meaning that words are frequently formed by combining various combinations of morphemes, wordlike units with distinct meanings. Spanish is generally viewed as a somewhat inflectional language, although all three typologies exist to some extent. English is more isolating than Spanish, although English too has inflectional aspects. In Spanish, verbs are nearly always inflected, a process known as conjugation. In particular, each verb has a root (such as habl-)  to which endings are attached to indicate who is performing the action and the time period in which it occurs. Thus, hablà © and hablaron both have the same root, with the endings used to provide more information. By themselves, the verb endings have no meaning. Spanish also uses inflection for adjectives to indicate number and gender. As an example of the isolating aspect of Spanish, most nouns are inflected only to indicate whether they are plural or singular. In contrast, in some languages, such as Russian, a noun can be inflected to indicate, for example, that it is a direct object rather than a subject. Even names of people can be inflected. In Spanish, however, word order and prepositions are typically used to indicate the function of a noun in a sentence. In a sentence such as Pedro ama a Adriana (Pedro loves Adriana), the preposition a is used to indicate which person is the subject and which is the object. (In the English sentence, word order is used to inidicate who loves whom.) An example of an agglutinative aspect of Spanish (and of English) can be seen in its use of various prefixes and suffixes. For example, the difference between hacer (to do) and deshacer (to undo) is in its use of the morpheme (a unit of meaning) des-.

8 Simple Rules for Russian Verb Conjugation

8 Simple Rules for Russian Verb Conjugation Russian verbs change according to their tense, person, and number. This guide to Russian verb conjugation provides basic rules for conjugating regular verbs in the present tense. The Russian present tense is simpler than the English present tense, as there is only one present tense verb form. To illustrate this point, consider the sentence Ã'  Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð °Ã'Ž. This statement can mean I read, I have been reading, or I am reading. Thanks to this simplified present tense, basic verb conjugation in Russian is easier than you might expect. Follow these eight steps to begin conjugating Russian verbs. Rule 1: Russian Verb Forms Russian verbs have six forms in the present tense: 1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person, all of which can be singular or plural. The verb ending tells us the point of view (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) and the number (singular/plural) of the verb. Rule 2: Verb Conjugation Groups There are two groups of verb conjugation in Russian: first conjugation and second conjugation. First conjugation verbs have the endings -Ã'Æ' (-Ã'Ž),  -Ð µÃ'ˆÃ'Å' (-Ã'‘Ã'ˆÃ'Å'),  -Ð µÃ'‚ (-Ã'‘Ã'‚),  -Ð µÃ ¼ (-Ã'‘Ð ¼),  -Ð µÃ'‚Ð µ (-Ã'‘Ã'‚Ð µ), and -Ã'Æ'Ã'‚ (-Ã'ŽÃ'‚). Second conjugation verbs have the endings -Ã'Æ' (-Ã'Ž),  -Ð ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å',  -Ð ¸Ã'‚,  -Ð ¸Ã ¼,  -Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð µ,  -Ð °Ã'‚ (-Ã' Ã'‚).   Rule 3: How to Check a Conjugation Group There are two ways to determine a verbs conjugation group. First, look at the personal ending if it is under stress: Ð ¿Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å' – Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'‘Ã'ˆÃ'Å', Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'‘Ã'‚, Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'ŽÃ'‚ (first conjugation)Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å' – Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å', Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã ¸Ã'‚ (second conjugation) Second, if the personal ending is not stressed, look at the suffix before the ending -Ã'‚Ã'Å' in the infinitive form of the verb and follow these steps. Put the verb in its infinitive, e.g. Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ'‚ - Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å'Check which vowel comes before the ending -Ã'‚Ã'Å'. For example: in Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å', it is Ã' .Use these rules to determine whether the verb is first or second conjugation. Rule 4: Endings in Second Conjugation Verbs Second conjugation verbs are: All verbs ending in -Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' in their infinitive form (exceptions: Ð ±Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å')7 verbs ending with -Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å': Ã' Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ½Ã µÃ ½Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã' Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ¿Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å'4 verbs ending with -Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å': Ã' Ã »Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ³Ã ½Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ´Ã µÃ'€Ð ¶Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å'All derivatives of these verbs, e.g. Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ³Ã ½Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å' Rule 5: Endings in First Conjugation Verbs First Conjugation verbs are those that in their infinitive form end in -Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å', -Ð °Ã'‚Ã'Å', -Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å', -Ð ¾Ã'‚Ã'Å', -Ã'Æ'Ã'‚Ã'Å', -Ã'‹Ã'‚Ã'Å'. Rule 6: How to Remember The Correct Conjugation Group Heres a helpful poem to remember which verbs are in the second conjugation group. КÐ ¾ Ð ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' Ð ¶Ã µ Ã' Ã ¿Ã'€Ã' Ã ¶Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ã'ŽÐžÃ'‚Ð ½Ã µÃ' Ã µÃ ¼ Ð ¼Ã'‹ Ð ±Ã µÃ · Ã' Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ã' Ãâ€™Ã' Ã µ Ð ³Ã »Ã °Ã ³Ã ¾Ã »Ã'‹, Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ½Ã ° –Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å',ИÃ' Ã ºÃ »Ã'ŽÃ'‡Ð °Ã'  Ð ±Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å',Ð  Ð µÃ'‰Ð µ: Ã' Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ã' Ã »Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ½Ã µÃ ½Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å',Ð ³Ã ½Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ð ´Ã µÃ'€Ð ¶Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ¿Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å',Ð ¸ Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã ¸Ã' Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å', Ð ¸ Ð ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‚Ã'Å'. Rule 7: Finding The Stem To find the stem of a verb, take away the last letter from the first person singular form of the verb (Ã' ). For example, Ã'  Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'Ž becomes Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' . Next, take off the last three letters the ending from the second person singular form of the verb (Ã'‚Ã'‹). For example, Ã'‚Ã'‹ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ'ˆÃ'Å' becomes Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' . Finally, compare the two results. If they are the same, either result is the stem. If they are not the same, then the second result is the stem. Rule 8: Attaching The Ending Take the stem of your verb (Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' ) and find the correct ending based on the verbs conjugation group. If it is a first conjugation verb, use the endings -Ã'Æ' (-Ã'Ž),  -Ð µÃ'ˆÃ'Å' (-Ã'‘Ã'ˆÃ'Å'),  -Ð µÃ'‚ (-Ã'‘Ã'‚),  -Ð µÃ ¼ (-Ã'‘Ð ¼),  -Ð µÃ'‚Ð µ (-Ã'‘Ã'‚Ð µ), and -Ã'Æ'Ã'‚ (-Ã'ŽÃ'‚). If it is a second conjugation verb, use the endings -Ã'Æ' (-Ã'Ž),  -Ð ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å',  -Ð ¸Ã'‚,  -Ð ¸Ã ¼,  -Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð µ,  -Ð °Ã'‚ (-Ã' Ã'‚). Exceptions Some verbs are conjugated with endings from both the first and the second conjugation forms. For example: Ã'  Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‡Ã'Æ' (ya khaCHOO) - I wantÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð µÃ'ˆÃ'Å' (ty KHOchysh) - you wantÐ ¾Ã ½ / Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð µÃ'‚ (on / aNA KHOchyt) - he / she wantsÐ ¼Ã'‹ Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ¼ (my khaTEEM) - we wantÐ ²Ã'‹ Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð µ (vy khaTEEty) - you wantÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚Ã' Ã'‚ (aNEE khaTYAT) - they want Ã'  Ð ±Ã µÃ ³Ã'Æ' (ya byeGOO) - I am running / I runÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ±Ã µÃ ¶Ã ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å' (ty byeZHYSH) - you (singular / familiar) are running / you runÐ ¾Ã ½ / Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ±Ã µÃ ¶Ã ¸Ã'‚ (on / aNA byZHYT) - he / she is running / he / she runsÐ ¼Ã'‹ Ð ±Ã µÃ ¶Ã ¸Ã ¼ (my byZHYM) - we are running / we runÐ ²Ã'‹ Ð ±Ã µÃ ¶Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µ (vy byZHYty) - you (plural) are running / you runÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ±Ã µÃ ³Ã'Æ'Ã'‚ (aNEE byGOOT) - they are running / they run First Conjugation Example Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' (gooLYAT) - to walk, to strollÐ ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã'  - the verbs stem Ã'  Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'Ž (ya gooLYAyu) - I am walking / I walkÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ'ˆÃ'Å' (ty gooLYAysh) - you (singular / familiar) are walking / you walkÐ ¾Ã ½/Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ'‚ (on/aNA gooLYAyt) - he / she is walking / he/ she walksÐ ¼Ã'‹ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ ¼ (my gooLYAyim) - we are walking / we walkÐ ²Ã'‹ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã µÃ'‚Ð µ (vy gooLYAytye) - you (plural) are walking / you walkÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ³Ã'Æ'Ð »Ã' Ã'ŽÃ'‚ (aNEE gooLYAyut) - they are walking / they walk Second Conjugation Examples Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚Ã'Å' (dySHAT) - to breatheÐ ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆ - the verbs stem Ã'  Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÃ'Æ' (ya dySHOO) - I am breathing / I breatheÃ'‚Ã'‹ Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å' (ty DYshysh) - you (singular / familiar) are breathing / you breatheÐ ¾Ã ½/Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã'‚ (on / aNA DYshyt) - he / she is breathing / he / she breathesÐ ¼Ã'‹ Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ¼ (my DYshym) - we are breathing / we breatheÐ ²Ã'‹ Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã'‚Ð µ (vy DYshytye) - you (plural) are breathing / you breatheÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ´Ã'‹Ã'ˆÐ °Ã'‚ (aNEE DYshut) - they are breathing / they breathe Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å' (VEEdyt) - to seeÐ ²Ã ¸Ã ´ - the verbs stem Ã'  Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ¶Ã'Æ' (ya VEEzhoo) - I am seeing / I see*Ã'‚Ã'‹ Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'ˆÃ'Å' - you (singular / familiar) are seeing/ you seeÐ ¾Ã ½ / Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ° Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚ - he / she is seeing / he / she seesÐ ¼Ã'‹ Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ¼ - we are seeing / we seeÐ ²Ã'‹ Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µ - you (plural) are seeing / you seeÐ ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã' Ã'‚ - they are seeing / they see (*Please note that in some verbs, consonants positioned before the personal endings can change. Here, Ð ´ changes to Ð ¶ in first person singular.)

The Siege and Capture of San Antonio

The Siege and Capture of San Antonio In October-December of 1835, rebellious Texans (who referred to themselves as â€Å"Texians†) laid siege to the city of San Antonio de Bà ©xar, the largest Mexican town in Texas. There were some famous names among the besiegers, including Jim Bowie, Stephen F. Austin, Edward Burleson, James Fannin, and Francis W. Johnson. After about a month and a half of siege, the Texians attacked in early December and accepted the Mexican surrender on December 9. War Breaks out in Texas​ By 1835, tensions were high in Texas. Anglo settlers had come from the USA to Texas, where land was cheap and plentiful, but they chafed under Mexican rule. Mexico was in a state of chaos, having only won its independence from Spain in 1821. Many of the settlers, in particular, the new ones who were flooding into Texas daily, wanted independence or statehood in the USA. Fighting broke out on October 2, 1835, when rebellious Texians opened fire on Mexican forces near the town of Gonzalez. March on San Antonio San Antonio was the most important town in Texas and the rebels wanted to capture it. Stephen F. Austin was named commander of the Texian army and immediately marched on San Antonio: he arrived there with some 300 men in mid-October. Mexican General Martà ­n Perfecto de Cos, brother-in-law of Mexican President Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna, decided to maintain a defensive position, and the siege began. The Mexicans were cut off from most supplies and information, but the rebels had little in the way of supplies as well and were forced to forage. The Battle of Concepcià ³n On October 27, militia leaders Jim Bowie and James Fannin, along with some 90 men, disobeyed Austins orders and set up a defensive encampment on the grounds of the Concepcià ³n mission. Seeing the Texians divided, Cos attacked at first light the next day. The Texians were greatly outnumbered but kept their cool and drove off the attackers. The Battle of Concepcià ³n was a great victory for the Texians and did much to improve morale. The Grass Fight On November 26, the Texians got word that a relief column of Mexicans was approaching San Antonio. Led once again by Jim Bowie, a small squad of Texans attacked, driving the Mexicans into San Antonio. The Texians found out that it was not reinforcements after all, but some men sent out to cut some grass for the animals trapped inside San Antonio. Although the â€Å"Grass Fight† was something of a fiasco, it helped convince the Texians that the Mexicans inside San Antonio were getting desperate. Who Will Go with Old Ben Milam Into Bexar? After the grass fight, the Texians were indecisive about how to proceed. Most of the officers wanted to retreat and leave San Antonio to the Mexicans, many of the men wanted to attack, and still others wanted to go home. Only when Ben Milam, a cranky original settler who had fought for Mexico against Spain, declared â€Å"Boys! Who will go with old Ben Milam into Bexar?† did the sentiment for attack become the general consensus. The attack began early on December 5. Assault on San Antonio The Mexicans, who enjoyed vastly superior numbers and a defensive position, did not expect an attack. The men were divided into two columns: one was led by Milam, the other by Frank Johnson. Texan artillery bombarded the Alamo and Mexicans who had joined the rebels and knew the town led the way. The battle raged in the streets, houses and public squares of the city. By nightfall, the rebels held strategic houses and squares. On the sixth of December, the forces continued to fight, with neither making significant gains. The Rebels Get the Upper Hand On the seventh of December, the battle began to favor the Texians. The Mexicans enjoyed position and numbers, but the Texans were more accurate and relentless. One casualty was Ben Milam, killed by a Mexican rifleman. Mexican General Cos, hearing that relief was on the way, sent two hundred men to meet them and escort them into San Antonio: the men, finding no reinforcements, quickly deserted. The effect of this loss on Mexican morale was enormous. Even when reinforcements did arrive on the eighth of December, they had little in the way of provisions or arms and therefore were not much help. End of the Battle By the ninth, Cos and the other Mexican leaders had been forced to retreat to the heavily fortified Alamo. By now, Mexican desertions and casualties were so high that the Texians now outnumbered the Mexicans in San Antonio. Cos surrendered, and under the terms, he and his men were allowed to leave Texas with one firearm apiece, but they had to swear never to return. By December 12, all the Mexican soldiers (except for the most gravely wounded) had disarmed or left. The Texians held a raucous party to celebrate their victory. The Aftermath of the Siege of San Antonio de Bexar The successful capture of San Antonio was a big boost to the Texian morale and cause. From there, some Texans even decided to cross into Mexico and attack the town of Matamoros (which ended in disaster). Still, the successful attack on San Antonio was, after the Battle of San Jacinto, the rebels biggest victory in the Texas Revolution. The city of San Antonio belonged to the rebels...but did they really want it? Many of the leaders of the independence movement, such as General Sam Houston, did not. They pointed out that most of the settlers homes were in eastern Texas, far from San Antonio. Why hold a city they did not need? Houston ordered Bowie to demolish the Alamo and abandon the city, but Bowie disobeyed. Instead, he fortified the city and the Alamo. This led directly to the bloody Battle of the Alamo on March 6, in which Bowie and nearly 200 other defenders were massacred. Texas would finally gain its independence in April  1836, with the Mexican defeat at the battle of San Jacinto. Sources: Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: New York: Anchor Books, 2004.the Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Independence. Henderson, Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and its War with the United States.New York: Hill and Wang, 2007.

The analysis of the non-store retailing sector in the UK Essay

The analysis of the non-store retailing sector in the UK - Essay Example Political Environment In the former years, the retail sector was recorded to fall significantly although the non-store retail sector was identified to grow with record hikes. One of the fundamental reasons was the fluctuations in the political environment of the UK. This depicts that political factors have a significant influence on retailing sector of UK but has a minimum affect on the non-store retailing sector. Economical Environment The economic factors have a significant impact on non-store retailing sector. The current trend in the economic environment of UK is identified to have rising tax rates by 20%, decreasing employment rates as well as increasing inflation that can cause significant turmoil to the venture in terms of fluctuating demands. Social Environment The social indicators of the UK depict to support the non-store retail segment to a large extent. The current trend in the industry reveals that shoppers are increasingly tending to consume products/services through non-store channels developing UK retail market to be among the largest online markets of the world. (Pinnington, 2011). Technological Environment The non-store retailing sector is largely depended on the technological factors in terms of internet marketing and machineries that support vending out of stores. Currently, the technology industry in UK is witnessed to grow significantly that in turn provides substantial support and opportunities to the non-store retail business (Robinson, 2010). 1.1.2. Product Feasibility: SWOT Analysis Strengths: Are available at cheaper rates than hardbacks Convenient while travelling and are also referred to as travel books (Shaffer & O'Donnell, 2011) Weaknesses: These products have a significant demand among individual customers but are no t quite favoured by library customers Are considered to have inefficient quality assurance in comparison to hardbacks (Shaffer & O'Donnell, 2011) Opportunities: Increasing demand for cheap products in the book publishing industry Lower production cost in comparison to hardbacks Can be distributed through various channels rather than only through retail stores (Shaffer & O'Donnell, 2011) Threats: The rising significance and demand for e-books are notably among the biggest threats of the paperbacks

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus - Essay Example However, the disease epidemiology is incompletely understood (Rahman & Isenberg, 2008). The disease involves the production of IgG autoantibodies that are specific for self-antigens including DNA, nuclear proteins as well as cytoplasmic components. The disease, therefore, is characterized by inflammation, vasculitis, vasculopathy. Further, a deposition of the immune complex especially in the renal glomeruli leads to a systemic inflammatory response through activation of complement (C5), or of Fc{gamma}R-mediated neutrophil and macrophages. While the activation of former leads to the formation of membrane attack complexes (C5b-9) or anaphylatoxin and cell activator C5a; that of latter causes release of oxidants and proteases; both leading to injury (KEGG, 2009). The mechanism of the disease development has been proposed to involve an abnormal apoptosis followed by elevated levels of cell death and immune intolerance. Cellular antigen redistribution to the cell surface coupled with lym phocytes targeting them leads to injury and inflammation (Andrade et al., 2000). Treatment Diagnosis of SLE is based on the detection of high levels of antinuclear and other antibodies in the blood along with symptoms of SLE. The techniques used for the detection include urinalysis, CBC, ESR, complement levels, ANA (antinuclear antibody test) and other antibody tests, skin and kidney biopsy along with quarterly follow-ups. The treatment involves control of disease symptoms and is determined by the severity of the symptoms. Acute SLE involving CNS, cardiovascular and renal diseases are treated with high doses of intravenous steroids and cytotoxic therapy involving corticosteroids, immunosuppressives, antimalarials, and antipsychotic medication (D’Cruz, 2006). Prognosis Early detection is the key factor in the improved prognosis of SLE. Prognosis in severe cases to has shown marked improvement during the recent years as a consequence of aggressive treatments available. Common c omplications associated with SLE include deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, hemolytic anemia, pericarditis, endocarditis, myocarditis etc (Makover, 2011). Health Disparity SLE exhibits high correlation with women of childbearing age and therefore has been associated with exogenous hormone intake (Costenbader et al., 2007). Lower socioeconomic status further has been linked to higher disease prevalence as well as resultant mortality. Prevalence and Epidemiology The National Arthritis Data Working Group reports that approximately 250,000 Americans have SLE, the worldwide prevalence rates vary with race, being higher in people with African and Asian origins. The disease is more common in the female sex and in individuals within the age group of 20-40yrs. (D’Cruz, 2006).

Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards Essay

Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards - Essay Example In addition, the expose investigates the approaches that data from various sources is an essential tool in driving institutions based on the standard. Finally, the expose will investigate the approaches that the standard can be tailor-made to motivate the learner while meeting their needs. The Arizona English Language Proficient (ELP) standards are organized within different strands. These strands are Listening and speaking strand, Writing, Language strand, and reading strands. Conversely, the presentation of information is organized into different stages (grade-bands) that start from ELL 1, at the kindergarten level, to ELL V, that refers to grades 9-12 (ADE, 2012). In addition, the organization includes domains or language strand, the performance indicators, and English proficiency levels. Among the three domains, include the Proficiency Level Descriptors, found in each level that tests proficiency. These levels of proficiency can be pre-emergent, emergent, basic, and intermediate. On the other hand, Performance Indicators guide the process of identifying the knowledge, skills, and abilities that a learner should receive in different levels of ELL. In effect, the analysis of the performance indicators requires corrective measures or the movement to the next level of the ELL instructions (AED, 2012). Data regarding a learner’s performance and progress can guide the standard-based instructions. In this regard, it is evident that the various levels in ELL are indicative of the requirement of progress in a learner learning the English language. Hence, data on the learners, which is from their performance and proficient indicators, guide the instructor in identifying the progress made with the learner and provide the desired direction. In addition, the data provides feedback on the knowledge, skills, and experiences acquired by the learner and

Organization details Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Organization details - Essay Example This study finds complaints and criticisms that Wal-Mart has failed in its accountability to workers, but not to its stockholders. He conclusion drawn in this study is it is best to satisfy employees, because motivated employees will go an extra mile for the company. This would mean more productivity that will give Wal-Mart a good return in profits. This paper focuses at the organizational structure of one of the biggest retail store in the United States, the Wal-Mart. This store has been ranked by Forbes Global 200 list as the world’s 18th largest corporation.( http://www.forbes.com/companies/wal-mart-stores/) Wal-Mart is a global company selling goods in 15 countries and has 8,500 stores of 55 different names. This company makes an interesting study of an organizational culture that has to adopt a system under a global atmosphere that employs 2.2 million people. This study attempts to find out whether the store has been effective, efficient and has met the ethical standards and accountability in its operations. Why is an organizational structure important in a company, whether public or private? An organization as incorporated in a theory, is defined as â€Å" assembly of people working together to achieve common objective through a division of labor† ( INC.,2014) . The importance of an organization structure of a company plays significant role in the company, and that there are elements in it that ranks in significance. Hao, Kasper, et. al (2012) found out in their studies that views of importance differ according to ranks and places. For Austrians, structure has an important effect on performance, while Chinese prefers learning innovated innovations. These authors concluded that high –tech industry prefers to have an organizational structure that implements innovations and organizational learning while the labor intensive industry prefers innovation. Overall, the different age ranges of firms affirmed that innovation and learning

City Council Meeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

City Council Meeting - Essay Example Seated at the center is the Deputy mayor and also the Head of Committee Services. To the left of the mayor are seated the Chief government, the town Solicitor and also the Council Manager. They supply recommendation on the conduct of the meeting similarly as creating a politician record of the proceedings and selections taken. Upon election, Councilors ar allotted a particular seat within the Chamber. The media create use of a Press Table set below the soapbox and ahead of the Members seating room. Variety of officers also will be gift within the meeting for supporting numerous aspects of the meeting. There’s a Public Gallery to the left of the Lord politician. Officers Gallery is going to be to the correct of the mayor. Each seat has shared access to an electro-acoustic transducer that is controlled from a console on the soapbox within the Chamber. The Lord politician encompasses a reproduction of the electro-acoustic transducer layout on the chamber in order that those desires to talk are often known. The console and also the Mayors electro-acoustic transducer incorporate associate degree override button. The reduction from originally a hundred sixty five Councilors to the current ninety Councilors implies that not all of the seats within the Chamber square measure currently occupied. The Council meets each seven weeks and extraordinary conferences square measure generally commands to subsume specific problems. At the start of each municipal year the council holds its annual general meeting. This is often the meeting wherever the mayor, deputy mayor, leader and executive board square measure appointed, yet as the numerous different committees of the council. There square measure total ninety councilors in thirty wards of urban center council. One ward is consisting of roughly twelve, thousand populations. All wards square measure community based mostly wards. There square measure three councilors for every ward. They’re the representative

Politics Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Politics Coursework - Essay Example One area of international law that has been consistently difficult to gain acceptance, enforcement and compliance with its agreed standards has been that of human rights. Although a clear international statement of human rights has been enshrined for over half a century within the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, passed by the United Nations in 1948, there remains a relativist undercurrent with respect to how various governments interpret and apply human rights standards. Since 9/11, the concept of human rights has become even more nebulous as states that had been the leading champions of international human rights have begun to compromise their commitment to such ideals in deference to their national security. This paper will discuss the importance and limitations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It will trace the history of the Declaration, discuss how it has been interpreted and applied over the decades since its adoption, and consider the ways in which modern global issues pose challenges to its spirit and premise. The difficulty of achieving uniform global human rights protections, particularly in an era heavily influenced by basic security and defense concerns, vividly illustrates the more general challenge of enforcing international law among sovereign states. The UnivPost War Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is one of the earliest, and arguably most important, achievements of the United Nations. It very much reflects the international revulsion that came in the wake of the atrocities of World War II. The experience of the holocaust was a wakeup call, whereby the people of the world became keenly aware of what humans are capable of doing to one another. In a sense, the holocaust represented the rock bottom consequence of previous failures of the international community to come together in the spirit of promoting peace and human rights. Thus, an atmosphere of atonement and a desire to correct the obvious failures of prior international law to protect the most basic human dignities permeated the effort to implement the Declaration. Such post war attitudes clearly echo throughout the Declaration, particularly in the preamble. In fact, the very first two clauses of the preamble directly refer to the barbarity of which humans had been proven capable: "Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world . . . Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people" (Anonymous, 2006, para. 2 and 3). Without a doubt, the framers of the Declaration clearly sought to address the atrocities of the holocaust head on. According to the American Ambassador to Lebanon, Jeffrey D. Feltman, "The drafters of the Declaration were able to draw inspira tion from heroic efforts in the post-war period to assert the primacy of human rights and the dignity of individuals" (Ambassador Feltman speaks at the 56th anniversary, 2006, para. 3). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was far more than a reaction to a particularly dark

Personal Helicon Seamus Heaneys Analysis

Personal Helicon Seamus Heaneys Analysis Springing Forth: An Analysis of Seamus Heaneys Poem Personal Helicon Seamus Heaneys title choice for his poem Personal Helicon is rooted in ancient Greek mythology. Helicon is the name of a mountain in Greece. In Greek mythology, two springs sacred to the Muses were located here: the Aganippe and the Hippocrene.(Mount) The muses are goddesses of inspiration and the source of knowledge. Mt. Helicon is also where the fable of Narcissus takes place. Where Narcissus falls so in love with himself, and becomes so despondent when he realizes that he cannot have the object of his own desire, he takes his own life at the side of a spring. Narcissus and the other elements ascribed to Mt. Helicon are heavily used in his poem to help the reader grasp the meanings behind the quatrains. While reading it is important to remember the fables of Mt. Helicon, that the springs on the mountain were the source of inspiration itself. Thus the title of the poem must be specifically drawing parallels between the mountains springs and his sources of inspiration while a child. Unlike the unchanging mountain, Heaneys inspiration undergoes a paradigm shift has as he grows older. One of the voices in this poem goes over the progression of this change, and tells the story about his inspirations. Personal Helicon is dedicated to another poet, a contemporary of Seamus, Michael Longley from Belfast. It is unclear if Michael is the inspiration for the creation of this poem, but the two had worked together for some time during their careers. Before Seamus career, he was given birth to, and grew up on a farm in Northern Ireland. If the poem is taken literally, one can assume a good number of springs were present around his familys farm. As such it comes as no surprise that they are a strong reoccurring theme of his childhood, and poem. The poem is five quatrains based around 10 syllables in a 1,2,1,2 and 3,4,3,4 rhyming scheme. There are also a number of assonant effects: [ÊŒ] pumps/ buckets; fungus/ bucket plummeted [É’] drop/ moss; hovered/ bottom [Éâ„ ¢ÃƒÅ Ã…  ] rope/ so/ no;   [É ª]in/ brickyard/ rich; big-eyed Narcissus/ inyo/ spring/ is/ dignity; [u]   new/ music; [eÉâ„ ¢] scaresome/ there; [ai] rhyme/ myself;(Fawbert) and interweaves: [É ª] [ÃÆ' ¦]: dry ditch fructified like/ aquarium; same combination of sounds [É ª] [ÃÆ' ¦] creates a chiasmic effect: pry into/ finger slime;(Fawbert) In this poem, he with such elegance explains the world to himself, and himself to the reader. It is no wonder he is considered one of the greatest living poets. Likely he was compelled by others as much as himself to revisit his journey of becoming poet. And of course this can only be done through poem. Using wells and springs as a way of personal reflection and understanding of the natural world, Seamus begins the reader at his childhood. Seamus uses simplistic language and grotesque imagery to bring forth from the reader a sense of childhood. He is filled with curiosity and naivety. In the first line it becomes established that wells are a source fascination for him. Wells conveniently are a symbol of life. Here is found the effective beginning of his, this new passion for what he lives for. These strange doorways to underground worlds held untold mysteries which were irresistible to the young child. As so were the devices that brought forth the mysteries from the depths of these worlds. The old pumps with buckets and windlasses divinely attached devices that could cross the veil between worlds, may as well have been huge light up neon signs. Sirens whos beckoning call could not be resisted. It is amazing he survived childhood. Little Seamus couldnt help himself though, he loved the dark drop, the trapped sky, the smells of waterweed, fungus and dank moss. Not just full of synthesia, this bit is only synthesia. It pulls anyone who has ever been outside right back there. It invites the reader to experience the smells not of decay, but of the beginning of life. It asks the reader to peer into the darkness and the unknown. In this still primordial setting, the image of a young child staring into the darkness comes easily. He stares into the unknown and wonders how it got there, begging the reader to come explore with him. What are the origins of this life here in the well? How can the sky, something so big, get a bit of itself trapped in the well? And what other wonders lay hidden in the darkness? Let us turn the windlasses, and pull up the bucket. The empirical evidence brought forth will illuminate us all, but answers will only be had after repeated results. Seamus brings us to another well, and another stage of his life. Here he is older and wiser. Danger is starting to become apparent to him. In this well he brings us to, he explicitly notes that there is a rotted board top. The thirst for knowledge appears slated now. Here novelty and entertainment is the main draw. Not much to do on a farm, he spends time savoring the rich crash when a bucket Plummeted down at the end of a rope. The well here is so deep you saw no reflection in it. Probably because it is full of allegories, and not water. The well is deep, but like all things it may be a symbol for, be it life, inspiration, or knowledge, there is an end. There is a bottom to everything, and Seamus is starting to get near to the end. However there is still darkness, and in the darkness there are yet things for him to learn. And from the description of the bucket, the hard sounds, the violent action, these things will be learned the hard way. Onto another well, and another stage of life. Heaneys third quatrain brings us to a shallow one under a dry stone. This well, though drying up is still teaming with life. If the depth of the well is taken his level ignorance about the world around him, then at this point there is not much left. He describes himself as dragging out long roots from the soft mulch, where he discovers a white face hovered over the bottom. This transitions him from learning about the world, to learning about himself. He no longer peers into the darkness or back up into the sky, the world is no longer reflected, and his time for introspection begins. Roots are frequently a symbol of family and traditions. Here before he can look at himself, he must clear them away. His doing so can be considered an act of removing societal customs and traditions. To be able to see who he is, to let the person underneath come out and play, to experiment in being. Described in playful ways, Seamus talks about his self-exploration and experimentations in being by describing his activities with even more wells. Using echoes he calls into the wells to listening to the mutations. This is a direct parallel for his imagination. Playing out what if scenarios in his mind to see how the changes play out. At least until he received a fright. When while peering deep into his reflection one day, a rat slapped across my[his] reflection and scared him. It distorted his image into something disfigured and horrible. As Nietzsche once said when you gaze long into an abyss the abyss also gazes into you.(Nietzsche, 146) Assuming his gazing into his reflection is him taking an introspective look at things, then the rat is just a convenient device used to explain how he found something inside himself that was disturbing. As is often the case, ones conceptualization of themselves is not what one truly is. When the difference is great, or goes against ones own moral or social values it can be frightening. This time, it seems to have been so freighting as to put him off of it altogether. No longer does he stare into wells. Seamus looks down upon exploring the wonders of the world. pry[ing] into the roots, to finger slime is unfitting the man he has become. He considers looking into himself directly narcissistic. Having grown into an adult other matters have taken precedence. His childhood activities are now beneath all adult dignity, and he must find alternatives. Summed up in the last, and arguably his best line we find salvation. I rhyme to see myself, to set the darkness echoing. The echo in the darkness much like the echo in the wells, we find the act of poetry has taken the place of gazing into wells. And we find him once again being able to live.

Animals For Testing And Research Studies

Animals For Testing And Research Studies This report is based on the Literature Review about ethical dilemma that arises over the controversy of using Animals for Testing and Research Studies. We have tried to explain in brief about Animal Testing and discussed broadly with the Ethical Theories that support and argue about the Use of Animals. We have also tried to relate all the ethical dilemma with respect to PG, who over the past decade has been constantly facing the allegations over the use of Animal Testing to ensure that their consumers get Safe Products. We have tried to come to a conclusion on how Animal Testing can be reduced, if not completely eradicated. At the same time we have voiced our opinions on the use of various alternatives to Animal Testing. Overview of Animal Testing The Use of Animals for test observations and Experimentations for the greater understanding of reactions from a particular substance or raw material that goes into some goods or medicines that we consumers consume can be termed as Animal Testing. Or you can say the use of non-human animals experimentations to prevent pain and sufferings to human beings A number of companies that produced goods for personal and hygiene care have emerged from the mid to late nineteenth century and this resulted in the number of animal tests and experiments to grow exponentially. The main reasons for those tests were medical research, to cure illness and test chemical compounds used to develop new products. Those tests were conducted in medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, and even farms. The vast amounts of animals that are being tested on are mice, monkeys, cats, dogs and guinea pigs. However, certain types of animals are used for different types of research for instance mice for cancer research, dogs for transplant surgery and cats for psychological experiments. Moreover, most of those animals that are being tested on are purposely-bred and supplied by the specialists companies, others usually come from the pound or are just caught in the wild. Over 100 million animals in North America alone will be killed in animal tests this year. Animal testing has been going on for years, a lot of companies test their products on animals, some of these tests consist of restraining animals and dropping chemicals into their eyes, the scientists also forcefully pump the chemicals into the animals stomach though a tube to see how it reacts to the chemical. These experiments are sometimes carried without anesthesia which makes it extremely painful for the animal. After observing the reactions for a number of days the animal is either destroyed or re-used in other experiments, most experiments consist of burning, stabbing and drugging animals. The thing is that animals react to drugs differently than we do so the results cant accurately be applied to humans so why do scientists do it? Since we cannot legally conduct tests on ourselves as humans, we look at the creatures that are right below us, animals. However, some of us dont seem to notice animals have feelings and can experience pain just as we would. As Jeremy Bentham would ask, The question is not, Can they reason? Nor, Can they talk? But can they suffer? Testing Animal Testing and Ethical Dilemma Introduction The rise in the consumer dominance has led the organizations to adopt the use of various artificially derived chemicals for use in production of Personal and Hygiene Goods. At the same time, medical advances and pharmaceutical companies acknowledge the use of animals for research studies and experimentation. This has raised various doubts about our ethics. Testing on Animals for chemical substance reactions to ensure consumer safety and drive innovative techniques is believed to be inhumane by some, while others agree that Animal Testing saves LIFE. This research paper evaluates the ethical dilemma borne by us. Animal Testing Define The obvious questions that are raised here are about the whole concept of Animal Testing and why is it necessary? Most of us are made to believe that Animal Testing is simply the torture of animals, striping them of their rights and cruel treatment of animals. This Definition of Animal Testing might have derived from various organizations that do not support the idea of Animal Research Studies as a whole and demand ethical treatment of animals through unjust terrifying acts of demonstrations and protests. These are the organizations who believe Animals have RIGHTS. It was argued upon by Robert Goldberg (1990) at the Washington conference of Committee for Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal with top dignitaries of the Humane Society about the issue of euthanizing millions of stray animals in public interest, and why the ruckus of using the same animals for the use in lab-testing. It was also argued upon at the conference over how activists have been indulged in terrorist like activities, as demonstrated by various raids at numerous labs conducting experiments on animals. The irony is, we as humans, will never be willing to come up and accept the fact that if we dont test the substances on Us, Animals are the next best alternatives to ensure Safety. There has always been an argument that animal testing results are inaccurate and also it is expensive to perform tests, secondly, animal testing is inhumane, and thirdly, there are alternatives to animal testing. According to former scientific executive of Huntingdon Life Sciences, animal tests and human results agree only 5%-25% of the time. Then looking at Tony Pages Vivisection Unveiled it states that less than 2% of human illnesses (1.16%) are ever seen in animals. In the tests of LD/50 short for Lethal Dose 50 per cent, a test wherein the animals receive a continuous dose of a dangerous chemical until half of them die , the Humane Society of the United States states that LD/50 tests do not yield enough data on the following: the poisonous doses of a chemical or substance, the prediction of poisoning signs and symptoms, the prevention or correction of over doses, and the specific cause of death in laboratory animals. Finally, looking at PETAs fact sheets, they argue that In many cases, animal studies do not just hurt animals and waste money; they harm and kill people, too. The drugs thalidomide, Zomax and DES were all tested on animals and judged safe but had devastating consequences fo r the humans who used them. The cost of animal testing is about $136 billion each year. Ethical Dilemma : Corporate Assessment PG Despite the fact that reliable modern humane tests are available in these days, Procter and Gamble insist on testing on animals claiming that this is the last resort that makes sure of their products safety. Whether it is ethical or unethical for Procter and Gamble to test on helpless animals is the question raised in this ethical dilemma. The case is analyzed and ethically evaluated based on: Deontological Theories Teleological Theories Casuist Theory All of these ethical theories aim at a common set of goals which are the ethical principles and that includes Beneficence, Least Harm, Respect for autonomy, and Justice. Deontological Theories: Deontological theories focus mainly on duties, obligations and rights. One of the most common deontological theories is the Kantianism which is known of its two formulations the Categorical Imperative I and the Categorical Imperative II. PRO ANIMAL TESTING: A scientist at Procter and Gamble would raise the question: is it right for humans to test on animals to save human lives? The proposed rule would be that humans can and have the right to test on animals in order to save human lives. So if we universalize the rule: it is accepted for humans to test and experiments with animals in order to save human lives. Furthermore, According to Immanuel Kant- the German philosopher- the only thing with any basic value is a good will. Since animals have no wills at all, they cannot have good will; they therefore do not have any basic value. Hence, it is ethical to test on animals because it saves humans lives. Procter and Gambles scientist would argue that moral rights and principles of justice apply only to human beings. Morality is a creation of social processes in which animals do not participate. Moral rights and moral principles apply only to those who are part of the moral community created by these social processes. Since animals are not part of this moral community, we have no obligations toward them. But we do have moral obligations to our fellow human beings, which include the duty to reduce and prevent needless human suffering and untimely deaths, which, in turn, may require the painful experimentation on animals. CON ANIMAL TESTING: A scientist working at Body Shop raise the question: Can Procter and Gamble mistreat and torture an animal claiming that this is the only way to make sure of their products safety? The proposed rule would be that organizations and companies can torture animals and demonstrate hideous experiments on them just because they believe that human beings are superiors to animals by being rational and intelligent. So if we universalize the rule, then a person can apply scientific experiments on any irrational unintelligent creature. Hence, that would include babies and people with mental difficulties and this would definitely be considered immoral and unethical on so many levels. That leads to the fact that although animals are irrational creatures, they feel the pain and the torture exercised on them. Thus, Procter and Gambles testing on animals can be termed unethical. Categorical Imperative II implies that individuals should act in a way that leads to a mutual benefit, treating both parties as ends in themselves. According to the case, animals are being misused in a way that is only considered beneficial for the human kind by Procter and Gamble. In other words, animals are being used as means to an end. Therefore, Procter and Gambles actions towards animals are unethical. Other deontological theories focus on the rights rather than duties and obligations. This leads to the controversial question: Do animals have rights? Even though there is no law that clearly states that animal rights are equal to human rights, animal rights campaigners have stated that animals have the right to live free from human exploitation, whether in the name of science or sport, exhibition or service, food or fashion. Animals have the right to live in harmony with their nature rather than according to human desires. Injecting chemical substances into a rabbits eye for seven days to produce a Head and Shoulders shampoo deprive him from any of these rights. Applying cancer and toxicity tests on rats and mice of optical brighteners and other laundry detergent ingredients leave them with no rights as well. These are just examples of the various experiments applied on animals in Procter and Gambles laboratories. Thus, testing on animals is unethical. Teleological Theories: Teleological theories focus on the consequences and the results of an action. Both of the Utilitarianism theories are perfect examples of such theories. An Act Utilitarians main objective is to take the action or the decision that would maximize the benefits for most people regardless of constraints such as law. On the other hand, a Rule Utilitarian takes into consideration justice and fairness as well as beneficence for most people. PRO ANIMAL TESTNG: Those who argue for the continuation of painful experimentation on animals state that society has an obligation to act in ways that will minimize harm and maximize benefits. Halting or curtailing painful experimentation on animals would have harmful consequences to society. Indeed, pain is an evil to be minimized, and scientists at Procter and Gamble do work to minimize pain when possible. Contrary to sensationalistic reports of animal rights activists, Procter and Gambles scientists are not a society of crazed, cruel, curiosity seekers. But there are instances when the use of alternatives, such as painkillers, would interfere with research that promises to vastly improve the quality and duration of human lives. Animal research has been the basis for new vaccines, new cancer therapies, artificial limbs and organs, new surgical techniques, and the development of hundreds of useful products and materials. These benefits to humans far outweigh the costs in suffering that relatively few animals have had to endure. Society has an obligation to maximize the opportunities to produce such beneficial consequences, even at the cost of inflicting some pain on animals. CON ANIMAL TESTING: From an Act Utilitarian point of view, Procter and Gambles animal testing does not only harm the whole animal kingdom; it is harming the human race and the environment as well. Animal testing is one of the main reasons of having various animals such as chimpanzees, macaques and white rhinos under threat, the threat of extinction. And as clarified earlier, animal testing is not the adequate way to save human lives. On the contrary, it is putting their lives in danger as well. A Rule Utilitarian who takes into account fairness and justice would add to the previous points that there is neither justice nor fairness applied when human beings use animals as disposable machines claiming that this is the only way to save as much human lives as possible (which is of course not true). Thus, According to the Act and Rule Utilitarianism theories animal testing held by Procter and Gamble is unethical. Casuist Theory: The casuist theory compares a current ethical dilemma with examples of similar ethical and their outcomes. PRO ANIMAL TESTING: Comparing our current ethical dilemma of Animal Testing and contrast the same with use of Canines as human companions, or use of animals for human safety would raise more doubts about our sincerity and perseverance to the issues raised in our society. Do we fail to conceptualize the degree of our social environment that would create a clear ethical ground that justifies why we do what we do. Although most of the training is under acceptable standards, some safety patrol dogs need rigorous training which can be brutal and inhumane. CON ANIMAL TESTING: Looking at the issue from a casuistic point of view, a perfect similar ethical dilemma would be of human slavery. Caucasians used to believe that they are superior to others and therefore used to slave Africans and treat them in a very inhuman way claiming that by doing so they are maximizing the benefits for the whole world. This was considered one of the norms back in those dark times. Nowadays it is considered immoral, unethical and completely unacceptable in every nation and society to treat another human being in an inferior way. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights clearly states now that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and that everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Peoples awareness for human rights has been increasing throughout the years and this was the reason behind this Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Unfortunately, scientists at Procter and Gamble are still unaware of the fact that animals are entitled to have their own rights. They are oblivious to the fact that we as human beings have no right to mistreat animals. They have no right as human beings to capture them, torture them and kill them with no mercy under the veil of saving human lives. On the contrary, animals should have the right to live peacefully with their nature and we as the rational creatures on this earth are obligated to defend the helpless kingdom and protect them from any harm. Thus, animal testing at Procter and Gambles laboratories can be simply ceased by declaring it unethical. Consumers First Looking at the whole idea from PGs point of view. According to PGs Human Safety Brochure and Sustainability (2009) overview, we have to first realize the fact that on an average about 4 billion people in the world use PG products every single day. This makes it their utmost priority that they reduce the risk of any type to the end-user. It has been for this very fact, that PG has been indulged in Animal Testing. The underlying factor here is that, we, as Humans, would be biased over the fact that if a particular product is tested on animals, and is guaranteed not to harm us or our children, we instantly change our opinion about the use of Animal Testing. According to Davis and Donald, we cannot have the ultimate assurance of the safety in the products we buy and use independent of animal testing. They specifically quote with present day technology, if the cost of achieving such assurance mandates the sacrifice of an occasional hairless mouse or rabbit or laboratory rat, then it is a price that we are prepared to pay. It is a delusion and a sham at this point to say we can achieve one without the other. Although the Ban on animal testing in various countries have given rise to various companies that are not indulged in Animal Testing, the Body Shop was one company that started off even before the ban with one view in mind Cruelty Free products. Many Researchers and Authors like Goldemberg and Robert (1992), believe that although a companys final product may not be tested on animals, but there is always a chance that down the line, some of the ingredients used were tested on animals by its suppliers or somebody else in the industry. Conclusion Medical Advances such as various vaccines, Insulin, treatment for kidney through dialysis, etc. Has been possible as a result of animal testing. At the same the use of various personal care products such has shampoos and cosmetics have been certified safe for human consumption as a result of constant development through Animal testing and research. During this journey, we have failed on many occasions to successfully justify animal testing when researches have gone wrong and caused harm and in certain cases death to Humans. Although we understand that Animal Testing has resulted in numerous data and statistics that would help generate computer simulation models and prove as a bench mark for further research, we can never stop Animal Testing as whole as it is fueled by our hunger for innovation. There is always room for efficiency and least harm. This can be achieved by the 3Rs theory developed by British zoologists William Russel and Rex Burch in 1959. The theory focuses on Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal testing and experimentations.

Generation and Culture in Doce cuentos peregrinos Essay -- Garcia Marq

  Ã‚  Ã‚   An enormous sea serpent nailed by the neck to the door frame is also nailed at the beginning of Gabriel Garcia Marquez's "El verano felà ­z de la Seà ±ora Forbes" from his novel "Doce cuentos peregrinos." This short story is an eloquent representation of the unconscious state of mind of dominance in which the result of previous concepts of life and costumes achieved are just vague figures trying to make up a non-abstract drawing that represent power. Generations and cultures are being confronted, characteristic of a dense ambient in which two different manners of applying the rules of society provoke an ironic reaction of rebellion that apply to a macrocosm. The title means "Miss Forbes's summer of happiness." The time of the year, the island surrounded by the dark blue sea, together with Miss Forbes's summer, narrate the environment in which the story is developed. The house is very small, and this helps to increase the tension that prevails from the start of the stor y to the end. There is a lot of repression. Many of the things are overwhelmed with rightness to agree with the normal kind of person that is used to live in an open society free of all kinds of discrepancies and orthodox methods of life. "Negra y fosforecente" (189) is the first impression that the story gives to the reader. This anticipates the darkness and at the same time vivid aspect that the story is going to have by describing the sea serpent on the door. The intense terror of seeing the "animal crucificado" (189) turns to a bigger matter that is entitled as the beginning of the long journey of hell that society is living in. The younger kid thinks that the moray "Tenà ­a ojos de gente" (191). He was still frightened; he saw the antecedents and consequenc... ...en once the rebellion took place. A courageous society takes all responsibility from its back whenever a major level goes down. As Garcia Marquez suggests, this determines a stabilized level of power where distinctions are to be created again to be taken to a macrocosm, and prove that rules, even in the highest level of hierarchy may be mistaken or not proper to the generation or culture that the society is living in.    Works Cited and Consulted Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. Doce cuentos peregrinos. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1992. Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. Strange Pilgrims: Twelve stories by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Trans. Edith Grossman. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993. Molinario, Nina L. Foucault, feminism and power: Reading Esther Tusquets. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press; London; Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1991. Generation and Culture in Doce cuentos peregrinos Essay -- Garcia Marq   Ã‚  Ã‚   An enormous sea serpent nailed by the neck to the door frame is also nailed at the beginning of Gabriel Garcia Marquez's "El verano felà ­z de la Seà ±ora Forbes" from his novel "Doce cuentos peregrinos." This short story is an eloquent representation of the unconscious state of mind of dominance in which the result of previous concepts of life and costumes achieved are just vague figures trying to make up a non-abstract drawing that represent power. Generations and cultures are being confronted, characteristic of a dense ambient in which two different manners of applying the rules of society provoke an ironic reaction of rebellion that apply to a macrocosm. The title means "Miss Forbes's summer of happiness." The time of the year, the island surrounded by the dark blue sea, together with Miss Forbes's summer, narrate the environment in which the story is developed. The house is very small, and this helps to increase the tension that prevails from the start of the stor y to the end. There is a lot of repression. Many of the things are overwhelmed with rightness to agree with the normal kind of person that is used to live in an open society free of all kinds of discrepancies and orthodox methods of life. "Negra y fosforecente" (189) is the first impression that the story gives to the reader. This anticipates the darkness and at the same time vivid aspect that the story is going to have by describing the sea serpent on the door. The intense terror of seeing the "animal crucificado" (189) turns to a bigger matter that is entitled as the beginning of the long journey of hell that society is living in. The younger kid thinks that the moray "Tenà ­a ojos de gente" (191). He was still frightened; he saw the antecedents and consequenc... ...en once the rebellion took place. A courageous society takes all responsibility from its back whenever a major level goes down. As Garcia Marquez suggests, this determines a stabilized level of power where distinctions are to be created again to be taken to a macrocosm, and prove that rules, even in the highest level of hierarchy may be mistaken or not proper to the generation or culture that the society is living in.    Works Cited and Consulted Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. Doce cuentos peregrinos. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1992. Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. Strange Pilgrims: Twelve stories by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Trans. Edith Grossman. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993. Molinario, Nina L. Foucault, feminism and power: Reading Esther Tusquets. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press; London; Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1991.

Social Norms of State University Students Concerning Alcohol Use Essay

Social Norms of State University Students Concerning Alcohol Use Alcohol use on college campuses has been a hot issue for students and faculty for many years. Yet, there is still no concrete evidence as to the effects of alcohol use on college students. The perceived situation is college students binge drink and their grades are adversely affected. Is this a social norm? The question is whether these perceived social norms towards alcohol use on college campuses are in fact the social norms of college students. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the true social norms of State University student’s attitude and practice in regards to alcohol. The sample is significant to Bradley University, using only Bradley students. The study will benefit the Wellness Center in its current social norms campaign. The study’s goal is to better understand the attitudes and practices of Bradley students toward alcohol consumption. METHOD SECTION Before we decided what methods we were going to use to collect the information, a mock focus group was held. The mock focus group consisted of Bradley students ranging in ages from 18 through 22, and was a mixture of on-campus and off-campus students. The purpose of the mock-focus group was to decide what types of questions should be chosen to get the most useful information for the social norms campaign. The mock focus group led the study in the direction of asking students not only their personal alcohol uses, but also how other students’ drinking affects their lives. We were looking for quantitative data; therefore, the idea of a focus group was immediately rejected. Constraints of money, time and manpower prevented the use of any probability sample. Many sampling... .... The questions were not in depth, but did give direction for further study. A larger and more age-diversified study may help correct possible errors in this survey. The fact that ninety percent of students in the study resided on-campus may also have effected the campaign and should be checked for errors. The study was limited to answers provided, in majority, by those students who can not legally drink, which is a factor that could limit the study. The two areas presented above as areas of significance could benefit from further study, as more in-depth research could provide more accurate results. The results of the study indicate the perceived social norms of college students may not be true. College students are perceived as heavy drinkers, yet the results seem to indicate a majority of students consume only a few drinks per week. More in depth study is suggested.

Explain the new Features of the New Deal Essay

In October 1929 the Wall Street stock market crashed in New York and panic selling of shares caused a wave of bankruptcies, destroying all confidence in businesses and investors. The great Depression led to 13 million people being unemployed. President Hoover, the government did nothing at all to help the Americans, he didn’t even think of helping them rebuild the American economy. In 1932 president Roosevelt came into power in the presidential elections. He had many concerns and considerations for the Americans and the economy. The first stage of the act of the New Deal to put the US back to work and create jobs in 1933 he introduced the first Acts during the hundred days, which involved the creation of Alphabet Agencies to deal with the economic problems. By 1935, the Supreme Court thought some of the New Deal laws as interfering too much. , so then Roosevelt’s response was to introduce the second stage of reform- The second New Deal. The 3 aims of the New Deal were: Relief; Recovery and Reform. Which were introduced by Roosevelt- the three ‘R’s’. Relief was measures to help relieve the suffering of the unemployed. Recovery was to try to rebuild the depression-shattered economy and Reform was aimed to give workers better working conditions and fairer wages. The aim of the relief was achieved by the: Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC); Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA); public works Administration (PWA); Home owners Loans Corporation (HOLC) and the works Progress Administration (WPA). The Civilian Conservation Act was set up to provide work for unemployed men under 25 years by encouraging them to work on projects in the countryside such as fish farming, planting trees and strengthening river banks. They also organised the army. The PWA stood for Public Works Administration, their aim was to use Unemployed unskilled workers to work on a large scale of public construction such as roads and bridges. The main part of the act was to set up public construction for the large scale building work, to build schools, hospitals and city halls. The FERA was set up to stop the threat of starvation that existed by making grants to local and state governments to help them give relief to the unemployed. Roosevelt thought that the right way to help the unemployed was to put them back to work after the threat of starvation was over instead of just giving them money. The HOLC stood for Home Owners Loans Corporation, the aim of this act was to ensure that people could continue to repay their mortgages. The government gave low interest rates to home owners to allow them to continue paying their mortgages until they were unemployed. The WPA stood for Works Progress Administration. Their aim was to find emergency short-term employment for unskilled workers in construction projects. The Acts that were part of the New Deal and helped with Recovery were: The Emergency Banking Act; the Securities Act; the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA); the National Recovery Administration (NRA) and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The Emergency Banking Act aimed to solve the financial crisis after the Wall Street Crash by forcing all banks to remain close for 4 days. This actually worked and saved all the banks. The Securities Act was about providing full information about the companies issuing new shares, to the public. This established with a Securities and Exchange Commission in 1934 which was giving powers to control the activities of the stock market. It was the AAA’s duty to solve agriculture’s most serious problem which was over-production. Prices were low and farmers were unable to make a decent living. Roosevelt paid farmers to stop producing. The AAA gave the government power to destroy surplus food and give farmers compensation. The NRA stood for National Recovery Administration; they tried to create partnership between government and Industry to get rid of Child Labour, Long hours and Low pay. Each industry would agree an employment code with a government. The code was to guarantee workers fairer working conditions and wages. The TVA stood for Tennessee Valley Authority. The main parts of the act was to help encourage industry come to the hard hit valley and to build damn to use hydroelectric power of the river. Finally, there were parts of the New Deal that helped to reform the USA. They were: Collecting Bargaining; the Wagner Act and the social securities Act. Collective bargaining was where workers had the right to collective bargaining of wages. This gave an enormous boost to the trade unions. The Wagner act (1935) was the given right for workers to join the trade union which restored protection for the workers also. The Social Securities Act was introduced in 1935. This provided old age pensions, unemployment benefits and financial support for the handicapped. It was funded by contributions paid by workers, employers and the government. In Conclusion, when Roosevelt came into power he aimed to achieve relief, recovery and reform. The CCC, FERA, WPA and the HOLC. The emergency banking act, the Securities Act, NRA, AAA and the WPA achieved recovery. Collective Bargaining, Wagner Act and the Social Securities Act achieved reform. These Acts were all produced to help America by these 3 aims.

Tanglewood Case Study Three: Recruiting Introduction

Tanglewood Case Study Three: Recruiting Introduction The following report is submitted to the Staffing Services Director on recruiting at Tanglewood. Task 1: Develop a recruitment guide using Exhibit 5. 3 in the textbook as the format. Recruitment Guide for Store Associate Position: Store Associate Reports to: Shift Leader Qualifications: — High school diploma or equivalent Prior retail experience is preferred Relevant Labor Market: Pacific Northwest Timeline: Continuous Activities to undertake to source well qualified candidates: Staff members involved: BudgetTask 2: Describe the best â€Å"targets† for your recruiting efforts by considering the job and organizational context. Evaluate the various methods of recruiting in terms of whether they seem more like â€Å"open† or â€Å"targeted† recruiting, using the information in the book to help you make this decision. If some methods seem more â€Å"targeted,† whom do you think they target? The store associate position is an entry-level position in the Tanglewood organization and is focused on retail sales, customer service, and inventory control as the key activities for an employee at this level is expected to concentrate on for day-to-day operations.Task 3: For each division use the data tables provided in Appendix B to estimate how each method fares in terms of yields and costs. Provide a one-page summary of the essential results of the various data tables you have been provided. Task 4: Northern Oregon has suggested that the other divisions of the company use a policy of using kiosks and staffing agencies rather than using the more â€Å"touchy-feely† method of relying on referrals. Does this division have a point? What would the effect of other regions increasing their use of external hiring be?I think Northern Oregon has a valid point about the methods Tanglewood uses Task 5: Tanglewood’s top management is highly committed to improving customer service quali ty, and proposes that simply finding the cheapest way to hire is not sufficient. Besides costs and retention, what other measures of employee performance would be good â€Å"bottom line† metrics for the quality of a recruiting method? How might the managerial focus groups’ concerns fit with these alternative considerations?I agree with Tanglewood’s management that â€Å"cheapest isn’t necessarily best† when considering how recruiting for new employees planned and executed. Task 6: The question of realism in the recruitment policy has been raised in focus groups. Write one paragraph proposals for targeted, realistic, and branded recruiting messages for Tanglewood’s customer store associate positions. What are the traditional arguments for and against using realistic recruiting policies?

Rocky Mountains Or Rockies Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Rocky Mountains Or Rockies Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Rocky Mountains Or Rockies Rocky Mountains or Rockies, great chain of rugged mountain ranges in western North America, extending from central New Mexico to northeastern British Columbia, a distance of about 3220 km (about 2000 mi). The Great Basin and the Rocky Mountain Trench, a valley running from northwestern Montana to northern British Columbia, border the Rockies on the east by the Great Plains and on the west. The Rocky Mountains form part of the Great, or Continental, Divide, which separates rivers draining into the Atlantic or Arctic oceans from those flowing toward the Pacific Ocean. The Arkansas, Colorado, Columbia, Missouri, Rio Grande, Saskatchewan, and Snake rivers rise in the Rockies. The Rockies may be divided into four principal sectionsSouthern, Central, Northern, and Canadian. The Southern Rockies, which include the system's broadest and highest regions, extend from central New Mexico, through Colorado, to the Great Divide, or Wyoming, Basin, in southern Wyoming. This section, which encompasses Rocky Mountain National Park, is composed chiefly of two northern-southern belts of mountain ranges with several basins, or parks, between the belts. The component parts include the Sanger de Crisco and Laramie mountains and the Front Range, in the east, and the San Juan Mountains and the Swatch and Park ranges, in the west. The Southern Rockies include the chain's loftiest point, Mount Elbert (4399 m/14,433 ft high), in central Colorado. More than 50 other peaks of the Rockies rising above 4267 m (14,000 ft) are in Colorado; these include Longs Peak (4345 m/14,255 ft high) and Pikes Peak (4301 m/14,110 ft high). The Central Rockies are in northeastern Utah, western Wyoming, eastern Idaho, and southern Montana. They encompass the Bighorn; Bear tooth, and Unite Mountains and the Absaroka, Wind River, Salt River, Teton, Snake River, and Wasatch ranges. The Unite Mountains are the only major portion of the Rockies that extends east west rather than north south. Among the peaks of the Central Rockies, which include Grand Eton and Yellowstone national parks, are Gannett Peak (4207 m/13,804 ft high), Grand Eton (4197 m/13,771 ft high), and Fremont Peak (4185 m/13,730 ft high). The Northern Rockies are in northern Idaho, western Montana, and northeastern Washington. They include the Saw tooth, Cabinet, Salmon River, and Clearwater Mountains and the Bitterroot Range. The loftiest points in the section, which includes Glacier National Park, are Granite Peak (3901 m/12,799 ft high) and Borax Peak (3859 m/12,662 ft high). The Canadian Rockies, located in southwestern Alberta and eastern British Columbia, are composed of a relatively narrow belt of mountain ranges that terminates at the Lizard River lowland in northeastern British Columbia. The peaks of the section, which takes in Banff, Jasper, Kootenay, Waterton Lakes, and Yoho National Parks, include Mount Robson (3954 m/12,972 ft high), Mount Columbia (3747 m/12,294 ft high), and The Twins (3734 m/12,251 ft high). Slopes generally are very steep, and there are numerous glaciers. The Rocky Mountains are a geologically complex system with jagged peaks as well as almost flat-topped elevations. The Rockies were formed mainly by crustal uplifts in comparatively recent times, during the late Cretaceous and early Tertiary periods, and later were reshaped by glaciation during the Pleistocene Epoch. Today the Rockies receive moderate amounts of precipitation, most of which occurs in the winter. Lower levels are covered chiefly by grassland, which gives way to extensive forests, principally of conifers. Above the woodland is a zone of grasses and scattered shrubs. Most peaks have little vegetation around the summit, and some have a year-round cap of snow and ice. The Rockies are sparsely populated for the most part and contain few cities. The principal economic

Macroeconomic Case Studies Essays - Inflation, Price Indices

Macroeconomic Case Studies Essays - Inflation, Price Indices Macroeconomic Case Studies Economics 001A: Macroeconomics Macroeconomic Case Studies Stephen Rossi Economics 001A: M 6:30-9:15 Slowing the US Economy The article titled 'Fed Unlikely to Alter Course' by John M. Berry of the Washington Post takes an interesting look at actions that Alan Greenspan his colleges of the Federal Reserve have been taking over the last 9 months to slow the economic growth of United States. The astonishing growth rate of 7.3% is fueled by an economy that is in the midst of a high tech revolution. The article also explores the contrasting view of other economists that say that the Fed has increased interest rates too much in its attempts to slow the economy. The means by which Alan Greenspan and the Federal Reserve have chose to slow the economy is through a monetary policy, or more specifically, an increase in the national interest rate. The article states that the Fed officials have come to a broad agreement that they will keep raising the rates until growth slows to a more sustainable pace to make sure inflation stays under control. Because of the booming economy and the investment in the stock market the exchange of money has increased for goods and services, which in turn increases the price level or the quantity of money demanded. By increasing the interest rates the Fed commits itself to adjusting the supply of money in the United States to meet that rate at a point of equilibrium. If the interest rate is increased, less goods and services are demanded, and therefore will slow down the economy and reduce the rate of inflation. The article points out that as stock prices have risen over the last couple of years, so have American ho usehold wealth and consumer spending. This is precisely the cycle that Fed officials want to interrupt to slow growth before it fuels more inflation. At the time this article was written the stock market prices had fallen sharply especially in the technology sector. But the Fed continued on the path to raise interest rates further noting that the index that they closely follow and contains a broader rage of public traded US stocks, the Wilshire 5000, is up for the year. Even though they began raising rates gradually 9 months ago, it takes almost a year for the economy to feel the full effects. In this case the results of the interest rates increased could be felt as last as the second half of 2000. Yet the economy has not slowed down, and the demand for goods and services continues to increase as wealth does. One of the ideas that has been presented to Greenspan by the fed officials was to take bigger steps in raising the interest rates. They feel that this will decrease the money demand in a quicker fashion. In turn these actions will lead to lower consumer spending, and thus decrease the inflation rate. However, because of the erratic patterns in today's high tech economy Greenspan is expected to stick to his pattern of more gradual increases to the interest rate. Eventually when monthly loan payments increase enough, consumers will back on purchases and investments. The article points out an example where the rate for a new 30 year fixed-rate home mortgage is up to 8.5% from 7.75% nine months ago in June. In the situation of a $150,000 home loan, this new interest rate will add almost $100 to each monthly payment. Over time the full effect of the interest rates will be felt. One economist, James Glassman of Chase Securities takes a different look at the new interest rate. He points out that the rates that the Fed has set are fairly high in comparison to the rate of inflation as it is currently in the United States. The formula that Glassman follows examines the inflation rate when food and energy items are excluded because they are so volatile. With these items removed the rate of inflation in the US is less than 2%. As with other measurements, this rate can be subtracted from the interest rates to find a 'real' interest rate which consumers a paying. So in terms of 30-year home mortgage rate set at 8.5%, only 6.5% of it is

Meaning of History

Meaning of History Abstract Different approaches to the meaning of history exist. Communities and historical analysts have different opinions based on religion, beliefs and timeline. There are different explanations and considerations of the history that are illustrated through different means. The main idea of the paper is to consider different points of view and various attitudes to the history meaning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Greek Approach Greek approach is one of the perspectives of the history. Many issues were addressed under this approach. Under the history, a logography tries to explain the emergence of towns, people and other places. This is one of the approaches which creates much disagreement. Hecataeus of Miletus is one of the representatives of this approach. Being a Greek historian, the information his works contain is full of contradictions (Breisach, 2007, p. 29). This approach to the meaning of history derives different perspectives upon the reader with various issues requiring deep consideration for better understanding. Greek historiography tries to explain the existence of men and places based on cultural background. Much attention is paid to traditions and culture in general. The era of poleis and its historians is illustrated under the Greek historiography, however, neither Greek historians nor philosophers considered the meaning of the word ‘historical’ in the way it is perceived now (Breisach, 2007, p. 30). Roman Approach There is also a Roman historiography which explains how Roman entities were formed. The historiography starts at the formation of Rome and derives most of its ideologies from the religious and other leaders (Fordham University, 1998). Roman history was reportedly written at the time of Gracchi, when the writers of history books produced the best information about the period. Roman history is written by the individuals who were less concerned about the facts they dwelt upon. Their description of the history is written on the basis of their own understanding of the events that took place in Rome. This led to the formation of monographs that had comprehensive writings about specific issues. The combinations of monographs led to realization of the current Roman history (Breisach, 2007, p. 41). There was much propaganda within the Roman history as the historians focused on convincing their readers in the authenticity of the information. The facts in the Roman history are stated in such a way that the meanings are elaborated for easier understanding. The individuals who contributed a great deal to the formation of Rome are also described in the reports. Therefore, Roman historiography is the combination of authenticity and propaganda (Breisach, 2007, p. 43).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Religion The other meaning of history is derived by Christians. Christians have another interpretation and evaluation of the existence of a man and the places. According to the Christians, a supreme being helped to form the universe that caused the existence of human beings. The Christians focus more on extraterrestrial beings and powers to have contributed in the formation of the world. These assertions help in explaining how the Earth and its inhabitants were founded, how they came to settle in certain regions and the development of various locations. Many nationalities are omitted through Christian historiography, and instead there is a major emphasis on specific cultures and communities (Breisach, 2007, p. 122). The biased nature of this historiography is similar to that demonstrated by Greeks and Romans that derive most of their meanings on a single community. Science Science is another approach to understanding the meaning of history. Under science, there is an e xpanded definition and explanation of the universe creation and development. Most of the explanations are derived from proof and detailed understanding of the events. The main idea of the scientific meaning of history is to argue the existence of the objects and the occurrence of different events by means of introducing the facts considered as firm proofs. The explanations are developed on the basis of the strong facts which cannot be contradicted, on the evidence, which cannot be objected (Rosenzweig, Thelen, 1998, p. 40). Rather than focusing on the past events, the scientific approach uses present facts and proofs to explain the problem under discussion. This approach makes it easier for the readers to understand the definitions and explanations based on the facts illustrated in the texts. Through these identities and other definitions, it becomes easier to understand the concepts and issues that took place during each era. Scientific definitions of history make use of various f acts that the reader is expected to align with. This makes it possible to identify and relate to certain issues that currently exist in this world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Philosophical Approachv Philosophers and contemporary historians have focused greatly on explaining the existence of humanity and other aspects in the world (Fordham University, 1998). According to philosophers, different explanations are created forming a concrete clarification of the existence of life and human beings. Critically evaluating the modern situation, the philosophers developed various meanings to different issues in the world. Local and historical texts are included in the philosophical definitions as it helps in the forming different opinions to the existence of life and places (Berdyaev, 2006, p. 186). All the approaches are based on either leading assumptions or concreted facts. It helps in generating a convincing chain of facts into the issues addressed. The connection between the past and the present helps in explaining the existence of places and life. A great deal of approaches to the meaning of history helps me conclude that the absence of the only consideration is caused by many disagreements and too numerous opinions. References Berdyaev, N. (2006). The Meaning of History. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. Breisach, E. (2007). Historiography: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Fordham University. (1998). Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Studying Ancient History. Retrieved from https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/asbook01.asp#Using%20Primary%20Sources Rosenzweig, R. Thelen, D. (1998). The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Father Coughlin, the Depressions Radio Priest

Father Coughlin, the Depression's Radio Priest Father Coughlin was a Catholic priest based in the parish of Royal Oak, Michigan, who became a highly controversial political commentator through his extraordinarily popular radio broadcasts in the 1930s. Originally a devoted supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, his radio sermons took a dark turn when he became a bitter critic of Roosevelt and unleashed fierce attacks tinged with anti-Semitism and flirtations with fascism. In the misery of the Great Depression, Coughlin attracted a vast audience of disaffected Americans. He teamed up with Louisiana’s Huey Long to build an organization dedicated to social justice, and Coughlin actively sought to ensure that Roosevelt would not be elected to a second term. His messages eventually became so controversial that he was ordered by the Catholic hierarchy to cease his broadcasting. Silenced, he lived out the last four decades of his life as a parish priest largely forgotten by the public. Fast Facts: Father Coughlin Full Name: Charles Edward CoughlinAlso Known As: The Radio PriestKnown For: Catholic priest whose radio sermons made him one of the most influential people in America before endless controversy led to his downfall and silencing.Born: October 25, 1891 in Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaDied: October 27, 1979 in Bloomfield Hills, MichiganParents: Thomas Coughlin and Amelia MahoneyEducation: St. Michael’s College, University of TorontoFamous Quote: Roosevelt or Ruin! Early Life and Career Charles Coughlin was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, on October 25, 1891. His family had mostly lived in the United States, but had crossed the border before his birth when his father found work in Canada. Coughlin grew up as the only surviving child in his family and became a very good student, attending Catholic schools in Hamilton followed by St. Michael’s College at the University of Toronto. He graduated in 1911 with a Ph.D., having studied philosophy and English. After a year touring Europe, he returned to Canada and decided to enter the seminary and become a priest. Coughlin was ordained in 1916, at the age of 25. He taught at a Catholic school in Windsor until 1923, when he moved across the river to the United States and became a parish priest in a Detroit suburb. (Original Caption) Detroit: Owners And Founder Of Social Justice. Father Charles E. Coughlin, left, says ownership of the weekly Social Justice has for two years been in hands of his mother and father, Mrs. Amelia Couhglin and Thomas J. Coughlin, right. Despite Coughlins protests, Social Justice was denied second class mail privilege. A gifted public speaker, Coughlin boosted church attendance when he would deliver sermons. In 1926, the popular priest was assigned to a new parish, The Shrine of the Little Flower. The new parish was struggling. In an effort to increase attendance at mass, Coughlin asked a fellow Catholic who ran a local radio station if he could broadcast a weekly sermon. Coughlin’s new radio program, called The Golden Hour of the Little Flower, began airing in October 1926. His broadcasts immediately became popular in the Detroit area, and within three years, Coughlin’s sermons were also being broadcast on stations in Chicago and Cincinnati. In 1930 the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) began putting Coughlin’s program on the air every Sunday night. He soon had an enthusiastic audience of 30 million listeners. Turn to Controversy In his early broadcasting career, Coughlin’s sermons were not controversial. His appeal was that he seemed to be a stereotypical Irish-American priest, delivering an uplifting message with a dramatic voice perfectly suited for the radio. As the Great Depression intensified and auto workers in Coughlin’s home area began to lose their jobs, his message changed. He began to denounce the administration of Herbert Hoover, which eventually caused CBS to stop carrying his program. Undaunted, Coughlin found other stations to carry his sermons. And when Franklin Roosevelt’s campaign gained momentum in 1932, Coughlin joined as an ardent supporter. Roosevelt or Ruin In his weekly sermons Coughlin promoted Roosevelt, and to encourage voters he coined the slogan Roosevelt or Ruin. In 1932, Coughlin’s program was a sensation, and he was said to be receiving many thousands of letters a week. Donations to his parish poured in, and he built a lavish new church from which he could broadcast to the nation. Father Charles Coughlin delivers a radio speech, 1930s. Fotosearch / Getty Images After Roosevelt won the election of 1932, Coughlin vigorously supported the New Deal, telling his listeners the New Deal was Christ’s deal. The radio priest, who had met Roosevelt during the 1932 campaign, began to consider himself a policy adviser to the new administration. Roosevelt, however, had become very wary of Coughlin, as the priest’s economic ideas were venturing far outside the mainstream. In 1934, feeling spurned by Roosevelt, Coughlin began to denounce him on the radio. He also found an unlikely ally, Senator Huey Long of Louisiana, who had also gained a large following through radio appearances. Coughlin formed an organization, the National Union for Social Justice, which was dedicated to fighting communism and advocated for government control of banks and corporations. As Coughlin devoted himself to defeating Roosevelt in the election of 1936, he transformed his National Union into a political party. The plan had been to nominate Huey Long to run against Roosevelt, but the assassination of Long in September 1935 scuttled that. A virtually unknown candidate, a congressman from North Dakota, ran in Long’s place. The Union Party had virtually no impact on the election, and Roosevelt won a second term. After 1936, Coughlin’s power and popularity declined. His ideas became more eccentric, and his sermons had evolved into rants. He was even quoted as saying he preferred fascism. In the late 1930s, followers of the German-American Bund cheered his name at their rallies. Coughlins tirades against international bankers played upon familiar anti-Semitic taunts, and he openly attacked Jews in his broadcasts. Over 26,000 people tuned in to hear the speech given by Reverend Charles E. Coughlin in Cleveland. He spoke of President Roosevelt as the Financial Dictator of the United States and pledged his own organization to establish a central, government bank. Bettmann  /  Contributor As Coughlins tirades became more extreme, radio networks wouldn’t let their stations broadcast his sermons. For periods of time he found himself unable to reach the vast audiences he once attracted. By 1940, Coughlin’s radio career was largely finished. He would still appear on some radio stations, but his bigotry made him toxic. He believed the United States should stay out of World War II, and following the attack on Pearl Harbor the Catholic hierarchy in America formally silenced him. He was forbidden to broadcast on the radio, and told to keep a low profile. A magazine he had been publishing, Social Justice, was banned by the U.S. government from the mails, which essentially put it out of business. Though once one of the most popular figures in America, Coughlin seemed to be quickly forgotten as America turned its attention to World War II. He continued to serve as the parish priest at the Shrine of the Little Flower in Royal Oak, Michigan. In 1966, after 25 years of imposed silence, he held a press conference at which he said he had mellowed and no longer held his controversial ideas from the late 1930s. Coughlin died at his home in suburban Detroit on October 27, 1979, two days after his 88th birthday. Sources: Coker, Jeffrey W. Coughlin, Father Charles E. (1891–1979). St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, edited by Thomas Riggs, 2nd ed., vol. 1, St. James Press, 2013, pp. 724-726. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Roosevelt and/or Ruin. American Decades Primary Sources, edited by Cynthia Rose, vol. 4: 1930-1939, Gale, 2004, pp. 596-599. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Charles Edward Coughlin. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2004, pp. 265-266. Gale Virtual Reference Library.